{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:38:30Z","timestamp":1790195910326,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1154992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1154992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/P025285\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P025285\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Community presence of loiasis must be determined before mass drug administration programmes for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can be implemented. However, taking human blood samples for loiasis surveillance is invasive and operationally challenging. A xenosurveillance approach based on the molecular screening of mosquitoes and their excreta\/feces (E\/F) for<jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>DNA may provide a non-invasive method for detecting the community presence of loiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected 770 wild mosquitoes during a pilot study in a known loiasis transmission area in Mbalmayo, Cameroon. Of these, 376 were preserved immediately while 394 were kept in pools to collect 36-hour E\/F samples before processing. Carcasses and E\/F were screened for<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>loa<\/jats:italic>DNA. To demonstrate this method\u2019s potential for integrated disease surveillance, the samples were further tested for<jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite limited sample numbers,<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>loa<\/jats:italic>DNA was detected in eight immediately-stored mosquitoes (2.13%; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.14), one carcass stored after providing E\/F (0.25%; 95% CI 0.04 to 1.42), and three E\/F samples (estimated prevalence 0.77%; 95% CI 0.15 to 2.23%).<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>perstans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>DNA were also detected in carcasses and E\/F samples, while<jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>bancrofti<\/jats:italic>DNA was detected in E\/F. None of the carcasses positive for filarial worm DNA came from pools that provided a positive E\/F sample, supporting the theory that, in incompetent vectors, ingested parasites undergo a rapid, complete expulsion in E\/F.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mosquito xenosurveillance may provide a useful tool for the surveillance of loiasis alongside other parasitic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T17:39:27Z","timestamp":1667410767000},"page":"e0010868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integrated xenosurveillance of Loa loa, Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella perstans and Plasmodium falciparum using mosquito carcasses and faeces: A pilot study in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-0854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Pryce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Pilotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Menze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison R.","family":"Sirois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zulch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Agbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010868.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001210","article-title":"The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA).","volume":"5","author":"HGM Zour\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0010868.ref002","article-title":"Loa loa and Mansonella perstans: neglected human infections that need control in Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"O Agbolade","year":"2005","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010868.ref003","first-page":"715","article-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":"100","author":"Boussinesq M. 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