{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:01:12Z","timestamp":1789524072061,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR200135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is widely considered a disease that emerged in Sri Lanka in the 1990s. However, a comprehensive case report from 1904 suggests that the presence of <jats:italic>Leishmaniasis<\/jats:italic> was well demonstrated in Sri Lanka long before that. The Annual Administration Reports of Ceylon\/Sri Lanka from 1895 to 1970 and the Ceylon Blue Book from 1821 to 1937 are official historical documents that provide an annual performance, progress, goals achieved, and finances of Sri Lanka during that time. Both these documents are available in the National Archives. The Ceylon Administrative Report of 1904 reports a full record of observation of Leishman-Donovan bodies in Sri Lanka for the first time. These reports contain a total of 33,438 cases of leishmaniasis in the years 1928 to 1938, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, and 1961 to 1962. Up to 1938, the term \u201ccutaneous leishmaniasis\u201d was used, and after 1938, the term \u201cleishmaniasis\u201d was used in these reports. \u201cKala-azar\u201d was also mentioned in 11 administrative reports between 1900 and 1947. In 1947, an extensive vector study has been carried out where they reported kala-azar cases. This well-documented government health information clearly shows that the history of leishmaniasis is almost the same as the global history in which the first case with Leishman-Donovan bodies were reported in 1903.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T18:23:48Z","timestamp":1670523828000},"page":"e0010918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rewriting the history of leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: An untold story since 1904"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6368-3695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasara","family":"Nuwangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosala Gayan","family":"Weerakoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilini Chanchala","family":"Agampodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Philippa","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Dikomitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneth Buddhika","family":"Agampodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010918.ref001","first-page":"432","article-title":"Locally Acquired Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"95","author":"DN Athukorale","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010918.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v52i1.1047","article-title":"Locally acquired visceral leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"52","author":"PH Abeygunasekara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0010918.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.07.002","article-title":"Leishmania donovani causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a wolf in sheep\u2019s clothing?","volume":"25","author":"ND Karunaweera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010918.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6475939","article-title":"First Evidence for Two Independent and Different Leishmaniasis Transmission Foci in Sri Lanka: Recent Introduction or Long-Term Existence?","volume":"2019","author":"Y Siriwardana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010918.ref005","first-page":"629","article-title":"\u201cLeishmania Donovani\u201d in Ceylon","volume":"2","author":"A. 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