{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:02:03Z","timestamp":1778151723151,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010947","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID No. P21101; JSPS\/OF498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID No. P21101; JSPS\/OF498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019007","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidades, Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno de Canarias","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B:20H03476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B:20H03476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019007","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015103","name":"Japan Racing Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. are gastrointestinal opportunistic protozoan parasites that infect humans, domestic animals, and wild animals all over the world. Cryptosporidiosis is the second leading infectious diarrheal disease in infants less than 5 years old. Cryptosporidiosis is a common zoonotic disease associated with diarrhea in infants and immunocompromised individuals. Consequently, cryptosporidiosis is considered a serious economic, veterinary, and medical concern. The treatment options for cryptosporidiosis are limited. To address this problem, we screened a natural product library containing 87 compounds of Traditional Chinese Medicines for anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> compounds that could serve as novel drug leads and therapeutic targets against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>. To examine the anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> activity and half-maximal inhibitory doses (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of these compounds, we performed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assays (<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> growth inhibition assay and host cell viability assay) and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments in mice. In these assays, the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> HNJ-1 strain was used. Four of the 87 compounds (alisol-A, alisol-B, atropine sulfate, and bufotalin) showed strong anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> activity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values = 122.9\u00b16.7, 79.58\u00b113.8, 253.5\u00b130.3, and 63.43\u00b118.7 nM, respectively), and minimum host cell cytotoxicity (cell survival &gt; 95%). Furthermore, atropine sulfate (200 mg\/kg) and bufotalin (0.1 mg\/kg) also showed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> inhibitory effects. Our findings demonstrate that atropine sulfate and bufotalin are effective against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic> infection both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. These compounds may, therefore, represent promising novel anti-<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> drug leads for future medications against cryptosporidiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T19:04:19Z","timestamp":1669662259000},"page":"e0010947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification of potent anti-Cryptosporidium new drug leads by screening traditional Chinese medicines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hazzaz Bin","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-3218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frances 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