{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:36:28Z","timestamp":1787319388014,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS1950015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS1950015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox (MPX) is a viral zoonotic disease that was endemic to Central and West Africa. However, during the first half of 2022, MPX spread to almost 60 countries all over the world. Smallpox vaccines are about 85% effective in preventing MPX infections. Our objective is to determine whether the vaccines should be mandated or whether voluntary use of the vaccine could be enough to stop the MPX outbreak. We incorporate a standard SVEIR compartmental model of MPX transmission into a game-theoretical framework. We study a vaccination game in which individuals decide whether or not to vaccinate by assessing their benefits and costs. We solve the game for Nash equilibria, i.e., the vaccination rates the individuals would likely adopt without any outside intervention. We show that, without vaccination, MPX can become endemic in previously non-endemic regions, including the United States. We also show that to \u201cnot vaccinate\u201d is often an optimal solution from the individual\u2019s perspective. Moreover, we demonstrate that, for some parameter values, there are multiple equilibria of the vaccination game, and they exhibit a backward bifurcation. Thus, without centrally mandated minimal vaccination rates, the population could easily revert to no vaccination scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1671024492000},"page":"e0010970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Voluntary vaccination may not stop monkeypox outbreak: A game-theoretic model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6824-1623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian B.","family":"Augsburger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-1036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grace K.","family":"Galanthay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-1882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob H.","family":"Tarosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6600-2939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Rycht\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-8104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dewey","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010970.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30294-4","article-title":"Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017\u201318: a clinical and epidemiological report","volume":"19","author":"A Yinka-Ogunleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010970.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"AM McCollum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010970.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003","volume":"73","author":"LA Learned","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010970.ref004","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Z Je\u017eek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010970.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2132882","article-title":"Comprehensive Literature Review of Monkeypox","volume":"11","author":"MM Hatmal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes & Infections"},{"key":"pntd.0010970.ref006","unstructured":"WHO. 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