{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:55:15Z","timestamp":1792587315196,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011043","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000}}],"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Investment Fund Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Accurate mapping of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil transmitted helminths (STH) is a prerequisite for effective implementation of the control and elimination interventions. A precision mapping protocol was developed and implemented in the coastal region of Kenya by applying the current World Health Organization (WHO) mapping guide at a much lower administrative level (ward).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A two-stage cluster survey design was undertaken, with 5 villages in each ward selected. From within each village 50 households were randomly selected, and a single child between the ages of 8 and 14 sampled following appropriate assent. The prevalence and intensity of infection of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and STH were determined using the Kato-Katz method (single stool, duplicate slides) and urine filtration for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 27,850 school age children sampled, 6.9% were infected with at least one <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> species, with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> being the most common 6.1% (95% CI: 3.1\u201311.9), and Tana River County having highest prevalence 19.6% (95% CI: 11.6\u201331.3). Prevalence of any STH infection was 5.8% (95% CI: 3.7\u20138.9), with Lamu County having the highest prevalence at 11.9% (95% CI: 10.0\u201314.1). The most prevalent STH species in the region was <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic> at 3.1% (95% CI: 2.0\u20134.8). According to the WHO threshold for MDA implementation, 31 wards (in 15 sub-Counties) had a prevalence of \u226510% for SCH and thus qualify for annual MDA of all age groups from 2 years old. On the other hand, using the stricter Kenya BTS MDA threshold of \u22652%, 72 wards (in 17 sub-Counties) qualified for MDA and were targeted for treatment in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The precision mapping at the ward level demonstrated the variations of schistosomiasis prevalence and endemicity by ward even within the same sub-counties. The data collected will be utilized by the Kenyan Ministry of Health to improve targeting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T19:00:51Z","timestamp":1672945251000},"page":"e0011043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Precision mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school age children at the coastal region, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-6485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella","family":"Kepha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Ochol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Wakesho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wyckliff","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy M.","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kariuki","family":"Njaanake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Kihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Mwatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrisistosom","family":"Kanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Otieno","family":"Oloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kibati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Yard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Appleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"McRae-McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice R.","family":"Odiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultani Hadley","family":"Matendechero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"96","key":"pntd.0011043.ref001","first-page":"585","volume":"48","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011043.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases.","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011043.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005872","article-title":"Spatial distribution and risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections among schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya.","volume":"11","author":"EA Chadeka","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0011043.ref004","unstructured":"GAHI. 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