{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T23:26:32Z","timestamp":1763767592545,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-14-C-0022-NAU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-14-C-0022-NAU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51 OD011104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42 OD024282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD024282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U42 OD010568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U42 OD010568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Melioidosis is a disease caused by the bacterium <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, infecting humans and non-human primates (NHP) through contaminated soil or water. World-wide there are an estimated 165,000 human melioidosis cases each year, but recordings of NHP cases are sporadic. Clinical detection of melioidosis in humans is primarily by culturing <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, and there are no standardized detection protocols for NHP. NHP are an important animal model for melioidosis research including clinical trials and development of biodefense countermeasures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principle findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We evaluated the diagnostic potential of the multiple antigen serological assay, BurkPx, in NHP using two sera sets: (i) 115 <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei-<\/jats:italic>challenged serum samples from 80 NHP collected each week post-exposure (n = 52) and at euthanasia (n = 47), and (ii) 126 <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>-na\u00efve\/negative serum samples. We observed early IgM antibody responses to carbohydrate antigens followed by IgG antibody recognition to multiple <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> protein antigens during the second week of infection. <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> negative serum samples had low to intermediate antibody cross reactivity to the antigens in this assay. Infection time was predicted as the determining factor in the variation of antibody responses, with 77.67% of variation explained by the first component of the principal component analysis. A multiple antigen model generated a binary prediction metric (<jats:inline-formula id=\"pntd.0011067.e001\"><jats:alternatives><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pntd.0011067.e001g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011067.e001\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mover accent=\"true\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mo>^<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mover><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>), which when applied to all data resulted in 100% specificity and 63.48% sensitivity. Removal of week 1 <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> challenged serum samples increased the sensitivity of the model to 95%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We employed a previously standardized assay for humans, the BurkPx assay, and assessed its diagnostic potential for detection of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> exposure in NHP. The assay is expected to be useful for surveillance in NHP colonies, in investigations of suspected accidental releases or exposures, and for identifying vaccine correlates of protection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T18:33:38Z","timestamp":1675881218000},"page":"e0011067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["NHP BurkPx: A multiplex serodiagnostic bead assay to monitor Burkholderia pseudomallei exposures in non-human primates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-2041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kimberly R.","family":"Celona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin 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