{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:56:14Z","timestamp":1768463774081,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, FACEPE","award":["[grant number APQ- 0216-2.13\/12]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[grant number APQ- 0216-2.13\/12]"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Pesquisa para o SUS: Gest\u00e3o Compartilhada em Sa\u00fade - PPSUS-REDE","award":["PPSUS-REDE - 13\/2012 [grant number APQ-2132-4.06\/12]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSUS-REDE - 13\/2012 [grant number APQ-2132-4.06\/12]"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico - CNPq\/Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es","award":["[grant number PROEP 400743\/2019-1]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[grant number PROEP 400743\/2019-1]"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral scholarship by CAPES\/ Brasil Sem Mis\u00e9ria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) from Brazil by 2020 was not accomplished; however, this goal can be achieved in the upcoming years with the assistance of specific strategies. The surveillance of LF can be performed using molecular xenomonitoring (MX), a noninvasive method used to infer the presence of the parasite in the human population. Herein, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds (state of Maranh\u00e3o) was the first city to be investigated to identify whether LF transmission in Brazil has been interrupted and if there were any new incursions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquitoes were collected by aspiration at 901 points distributed among 11 neighborhoods in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds with records of patients with microfilaremia. Pools of engorged or gravid <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> females were evaluated by <jats:italic>WbCx<\/jats:italic> duplex PCR with endogenous control for mosquitoes and target for <jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bancrofti<\/jats:italic> for determining the vector infection rate. Among the 10,428 collected mosquitoes, the most abundant species were <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> (85%) and <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> (12%). Significantly larger numbers of mosquitoes were collected from the neighborhoods of Areinha and Coreia (p&lt;0.05). MX performed using PCR validated 705 pools of engorged or gravid females, fifteen of which were positive for <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> in two neighborhoods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The high density of engorged <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> females per home, inadequate sanitation, and detection of <jats:italic>W<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bancrofti<\/jats:italic>-infected mosquitoes in the city of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds represent a warning of the possible upsurge of LF, a disease that is still neglected; this underscores the need for the ostensive monitoring of LF in Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T19:53:32Z","timestamp":1675108412000},"page":"e0011091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in the city of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, state of Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil: New incursion or persisting problem?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tatiane Alexandre de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-6085","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lima de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle Cristina Ten\u00f3rio Varjal de","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elo\u00edna Maria de Mendon\u00e7a","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz S\u00e1 de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Const\u00e2ncia Fl\u00e1via Junqueira","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Maria Fontes de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref002","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fact sheets [serial on the Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref003","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0011091.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-009-0005-4","article-title":"A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites","volume":"33","author":"KP Paily","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref005","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref006","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107918","article-title":"Development of a molecular xenomonitoring protocol to assess filariasis transmission","volume":"25","author":"Araujo TA Albuquerque ALd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011091.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.593","article-title":"A critical appraisal of molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for assessing progress toward elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"77","author":"HA Farid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011091.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006816","article-title":"Development of an urban molecular xenomonitoring system for lymphatic filariasis in the Recife Metropolitan Region, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"A Ramesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref010","first-page":"740","year":"2019","edition":"3"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.08.010","article-title":"Screening and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis in immigrants from endemic countries residing in a focus where it is considered eliminated in the Southern Region of Brazil: A risk of reemergence","volume":"176","author":"A Zuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011091.ref012","article-title":"Controle da filariose linf\u00e1tica no Brasil, 1951\u20132000","volume":"V12","author":"Z Medeiros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade. [review]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011091.ref013","first-page":"397","article-title":"Evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence test for bancroftian filariasis using Wuchereria-bancrofti microfilariae as the antigen in Recife, Brazil","volume":"33","author":"G Dreyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101998000100015","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in Brazil","volume":"32","author":"EM Rocha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref015","first-page":"1","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref016","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Hansen\u00edase e Doen\u00e7as em Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o\/DEVIT\/SVS\/MS ed","author":"VdD Transmiss\u00edveis","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761995000100022","article-title":"Integrated control measures against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of filariasis in Recife","volume":"90","author":"L Regis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref018","first-page":"114","author":"FSADU FSdAaDdU","year":"2013"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011091.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163863","article-title":"Climate Change Influences on the Global Potential Distribution of the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, Vector of West Nile Virus and Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"11","author":"AM Samy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.03.024","article-title":"Effects of rainfall on Culex mosquito population dynamics","volume":"421","author":"LD Valdez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005347","article-title":"Dispersal of male and female Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes using stable isotope enrichment","volume":"11","author":"MC Medeiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref022","first-page":"47","article-title":"Oviposi\u00e7\u00e3o e longevidade de adultos do Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) em condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais, em Pelotas, RS. 1996 fevereiro","volume":"5","author":"EES Vianna","year":"1996"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref023","unstructured":"INCID. Instituto da Cidade, Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano e Rural. S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds: Prefeitura de S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds; 2010 [November, 20, 2019]; DADOS S\u00d3CIO-ECON\u00d4MICOS]. Available from: https:\/\/www.agenciasaoluis.com.br\/site\/arquivodacidade\/2236."},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref024","first-page":"18","article-title":"Aparelho de suc\u00e7\u00e3o tipo aspirador para captura de mosquitos.","author":"D Natal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Revista de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011091.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000600022","article-title":"Genetic diversity in Brazilian populations of Aedes albopictus","volume":"97","author":"CF Ayres","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011091.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2987\/09-5968.1","article-title":"Universal primers for the amplification and sequence analysis of actin-1 from diverse mosquito species","volume":"26","author":"M Staley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011091.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.09.003","article-title":"Expression of defensin, cecropin, and transferrin in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) infected with Wuchereria bancrofti (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), and the abnormal development of nematodes in the mosquito","volume":"120","author":"T Magalhaes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011091.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1414","article-title":"Determining the prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in vector populations by polymerase chain reaction screening of pools of black flies","volume":"172","author":"CR Katholi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref029","unstructured":"QGIS-PROJECT. Geographic Information System. 3.10.8 ed2020. p. Open Source Geospatial Foundation."},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref030","unstructured":"ANA. Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas. Bras\u00edlia: Superintend\u00eancia de Gest\u00e3o da Rede Hidrometeorol\u00f3gica-SGH; 2017 [cited 2020 June, 09, 2020]; Available from: http:\/\/www.snirh.gov.br\/hidroweb\/serieshistoricas."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011091.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008289","article-title":"A systematic review of alternative surveillance approaches for lymphatic filariasis in low prevalence settings: Implications for post-validation settings","volume":"14","author":"N Riches","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011091.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002079","article-title":"Population migration: implications for lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes","volume":"7","author":"KD Ramaiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-017-0050-0","article-title":"Identification and control of an isolated, but intense focus of lymphatic filariasis on Satawal Island, Federated States of Micronesia, in 2003","volume":"45","author":"M Pretrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pntd.0011091.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab197","article-title":"Evaluating the Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Molecular Xenomonitoring Methods for Characterizing Community Burden of Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"72","author":"J Pryce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref035","unstructured":"SES\/MA. Plano Estadual de Sa\u00fade. In: ASPLAN, editor. S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds2020. p. 289."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011091.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008853","article-title":"COVID-19 unfolding filariasis: The first case of SARS-CoV-2 and Wuchereria bancrofti coinfection","volume":"14","author":"MFH Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011091.ref037","first-page":"935","article-title":"On the inefficiency of transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti from mosquito to human host","volume":"38","author":"NG Hairston","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X154610","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission\u2014and the relationship to human infection\u2014in an endemic community of coastal Tanzania","volume":"101","author":"RT Rwegoshora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011091.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040105","article-title":"Low Microfilaremia Levels in Three Districts in Coastal Ghana with at Least 16 Years of Mass Drug Administration and Persistent Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"3","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tropical medicine and infectious disease"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011091.ref040","article-title":"Reassessment of areas with persistent Lymphatic Filariasis nine years after cessation of mass drug administration in Sri Lanka","volume":"11","author":"RU Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011091.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-13","article-title":"Nature limits filarial transmission","volume":"1","author":"G. Chandra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011091.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7476\/9788575412909","volume-title":"Principais Mosquitos de Import\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria no Brasil","author":"R Consoli","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011091.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000400011","article-title":"Monitoring temporal fluctuations of Culex quinquefasciatus using oviposition traps containing attractant and larvicide in an urban environment in Recife, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"RMR Barbosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T18:59:41Z","timestamp":1675969181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Makepeace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011091","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]}}}