{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:21:36Z","timestamp":1780554096795,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 A1099483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 A1099483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquito saliva is a mix of numerous proteins that are injected into the skin while the mosquito searches for a blood meal. While mosquito saliva is known to be immunogenic, the salivary components driving these immune responses, as well as the types of immune responses that occur, are not well characterized. We investigated the effects of one potential immunomodulatory mosquito saliva protein, sialokinin, on the human immune response. We used flow cytometry to compare human immune cell populations between humanized mice bitten by sialokinin knockout mosquitoes or injected with sialokinin, and compared them to those bitten by wild-type mosquitoes, unbitten, or saline-injected control mice. Humanized mice received 4 mosquito bites or a single injection, were euthanized after 7 days, and skin, spleen, bone marrow, and blood were harvested for immune cell profiling. Our results show that bites from sialokinin knockout mosquitoes induced monocyte and macrophage populations in the skin, blood, bone marrow, and spleens, and primarily affected CD11c- cell populations. Other increased immune cells included plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the blood, natural killer cells in the skin and blood, and CD4+ T cells in all samples analyzed. Conversely, we observed that mice bitten with sialokinin knockout mosquitoes had decreased NKT cell populations in the skin, and fewer B cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Taken together, we demonstrated that sialokinin knockout saliva induces elements of a T<jats:sub><jats:bold>H<\/jats:bold><\/jats:sub>1 cellular immune response, suggesting that the sialokinin peptide is inducing a T<jats:sub><jats:bold>H<\/jats:bold><\/jats:sub>2 cellular immune response during wild-type mosquito biting. These findings are an important step towards understanding how mosquito saliva modulates the human immune system and which components of saliva may be critical for arboviral infection. By identifying immunomodulatory salivary proteins, such as sialokinin, we can develop vaccines against mosquito saliva components and direct efforts towards blocking arboviral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T18:22:22Z","timestamp":1675448542000},"page":"e0011095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sialokinin in mosquito saliva shifts human immune responses towards intracellular pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Spencer Clinton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan B.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Kneubehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianne M.","family":"Hibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Paust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-1000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rico-Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref001","volume-title":"A global brief on vector-borne diseases","year":"2014"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref002","unstructured":"WHO Factsheet Vector-borne diseases Factsheet #387: World Health Organization; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/kobe_centre\/mediacentre\/vbdfactsheet.pdf."},{"issue":"1665","key":"pntd.0011095.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0135","article-title":"Climate change influences on global distributions of dengue and chikungunya virus vectors","volume":"370","author":"LP Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08347","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08347","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MU Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011095.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.04.003","article-title":"Mosquito Biting Modulates Skin Response to Virus Infection","volume":"33","author":"M Pingen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.48.060402.102812","article-title":"Role of arthropod saliva in blood feeding: sialome and post-sialome perspectives","volume":"48","author":"JM Ribeiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011095.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.261","article-title":"Mosquito feeding-induced enhancement of Cache Valley Virus (Bunyaviridae) infection in mice","volume":"35","author":"JF Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011095.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00326.x","article-title":"Potentiation of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus infection in mice by mosquito saliva","volume":"22","author":"KH Limesand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0011095.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00534-12","article-title":"Mosquito bite delivery of dengue virus enhances immunogenicity and pathogenesis in humanized mice","volume":"86","author":"J Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2006.19.74","article-title":"Potentiation of West Nile encephalitis by mosquito feeding","volume":"19","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.565","article-title":"Aedes aegypti salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1\/TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection","volume":"17","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011095.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005600","article-title":"Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania","volume":"11","author":"T Lestinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0120","article-title":"Anopheles stephensi saliva enhances progression of cerebral malaria in a murine model","volume":"11","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011095.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4141","article-title":"Mast cell-dependent down-regulation of antigen-specific immune responses by mosquito bites","volume":"176","author":"N Depinay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011095.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006439","article-title":"Mosquito saliva alone has profound effects on the human immune system","volume":"12","author":"MB Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.010","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system","volume":"35","author":"N Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1RU0814-382","article-title":"CD4+\/CD8+ double-positive T cells: more than just a developmental stage","volume":"97","author":"NH Overgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4395","article-title":"Peripheral CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells are differentiated effector memory cells with antiviral functions","volume":"104","author":"M Nascimbeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1086\/515674","article-title":"Persistent expansion, in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person, of V beta-restricted CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes that express cytotoxicity-associated molecules and are committed to produce interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"178","author":"L Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011095.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103701","article-title":"CD4+CD8+ T cells represent a significant portion of the anti-HIV T cell response to acute HIV infection","volume":"188","author":"MA Frahm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X","article-title":"T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2).","volume":"85","author":"S. Romagnani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011095.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2523","article-title":"Transcriptional reprogramming of mature CD4(+) helper T cells generates distinct MHC class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"14","author":"D Mucida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0315-099R","article-title":"Interferon at the crossroads of allergy and viral infections","volume":"98","author":"SR Gonzales-van Horn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0011095.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11025","article-title":"Essential requirement of an invariant V alpha 14 T cell antigen receptor expression in the development of natural killer T cells","volume":"93","author":"M Taniguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011095.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1097","article-title":"An invariant T cell receptor alpha chain is used by a unique subset of major histocompatibility complex class I-specific CD4+ and CD4-8- T cells in mice and humans","volume":"180","author":"O Lantz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6797","key":"pntd.0011095.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/35021233","article-title":"CD1-restricted T-cell responses and microbial infection","volume":"406","author":"SH Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011095.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02719.x","article-title":"Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response","volume":"123","author":"GE Kaiko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.04.134","article-title":"The role of CD4 T cell help for CD8 CTL activation","volume":"384","author":"S Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.165.1.61","article-title":"Characterization of a vasodilator from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"165","author":"JM Ribeiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.138","article-title":"Sialokinin I and II: vasodilatory tachykinins from the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"91","author":"DE Champagne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1999.00141.x","article-title":"Characterization of the Sialokinin I gene encoding the salivary vasodilator of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"8","author":"BT Beerntsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref033","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Mosquito saliva sialokinin-dependent enhancement of arbovirus infection through endothelial barrier leakage","author":"DA Lefteri","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011095.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601751","article-title":"Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis","volume":"199","author":"S. Suvas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2013","article-title":"Tachykinins and their receptors: contributions to physiological control and the mechanisms of disease","volume":"94","author":"MS Steinhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00199.x","article-title":"Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice","volume":"21","author":"NS Zeidner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110648","article-title":"Aedes aegypti sialokinin facilitates mosquito blood feeding and modulates host immunity and vascular biology","volume":"39","author":"I Martin-Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.285","article-title":"The tachykinin peptide family","volume":"54","author":"C Severini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011095.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(90)90021-7","article-title":"Diet and salivation in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"36","author":"A. A. Marinotti OJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Insect Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets: an update","volume":"154","author":"M Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.08.006","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in dermatology","volume":"96","author":"NF Dias de Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050500","article-title":"Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-alpha production","volume":"202","author":"FO Nestle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.07.025","article-title":"Humanized mouse models to study human cell-mediated and humoral responses to dengue virus","volume":"25","author":"A. Mathew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011095.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19826","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019826","article-title":"Expression of HLA class II molecules in humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO mice is critical for development and function of human T and B cells","volume":"6","author":"R Danner","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00596","article-title":"Editorial: Bone Marrow T Cells at the Center Stage in Immunological Memory.","volume":"7","author":"F Di Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/v4010062","article-title":"Animal models of dengue virus infection","volume":"4","author":"S Zompi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.1.340-347.1993","article-title":"Genetic studies of flavivirus resistance in inbred strains derived from wild mice: evidence for a new resistance allele at the flavivirus resistance locus (Flv)","volume":"67","author":"MY Sangster","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011095.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.002","article-title":"Host Inflammatory Response to Mosquito Bites Enhances the Severity of Arbovirus Infection","volume":"44","author":"M Pingen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01339.x","article-title":"Association of human immune response to Aedes aegypti salivary proteins with dengue disease severity","volume":"34","author":"C Machain-Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011095.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001171","article-title":"Prior exposure to uninfected mosquitoes enhances mortality in naturally-transmitted West Nile virus infection","volume":"2","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011095.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"164","author":"CD Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011095.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000142249.08135.e9","article-title":"Innate immune response in Th1- and Th2-dominant mouse strains","volume":"22","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00151","article-title":"Mouse models to study dengue virus immunology and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"RM Zellweger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011095.ref054","first-page":"294","article-title":"Host defenses in experimental rickettsialpox: resistance of C3H mouse sublines","volume":"24","author":"GW Anderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011095.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.10.007","article-title":"New generation humanized mice for virus research: comparative aspects and future prospects","volume":"435","author":"R. Akkina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100332","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease","volume":"12","author":"NC Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011095.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328337282f","article-title":"Humanized mouse models to study human diseases","volume":"17","author":"MA Brehm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"pntd.0011095.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-62-5-867","article-title":"Hematodepressive Virus Diseases of Thailand","volume":"62","author":"HR Bierman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0011095.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318859111","article-title":"Arthritogenic alphaviral infection perturbs osteoblast function and triggers pathologic bone loss","volume":"111","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011095.ref060","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Associated With Severe Thrombocytopenia","volume":"63","author":"TM Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"48","key":"pntd.0011095.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.039","article-title":"Immunization against full-length protein and peptides from the Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly salivary component maxadilan protects against Leishmania major infection in a murine model","volume":"35","author":"WH Wheat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"38","key":"pntd.0011095.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.097","article-title":"Targeting a global health problem: Vaccine design and challenges for the control of tick-borne diseases","volume":"35","author":"J de la Fuente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T18:23:13Z","timestamp":1675448593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011095"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011095","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}