{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:39:36Z","timestamp":1792489176138,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000}}],"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minciencias","award":["Application 727 for doctoral students"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Application 727 for doctoral students"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006394","name":"Universidad de Los Andes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Funding program for doctoral students"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Funding program for doctoral students"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006394","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease affecting deprived populations, and its burden is underestimated in some regions where patients prefer using traditional medicine, case reporting systems are deficient, or health systems are inaccessible to at-risk populations. Thus, the development of strategies to optimize disease management is a major challenge. We propose a framework that can be used to estimate total snakebite incidence at a fine political scale.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>First, we generated fine-scale snakebite risk maps based on the distribution of venomous snakes in Colombia. We then used a generalized mixed-effect model that estimates total snakebite incidence based on risk maps, poverty, and travel time to the nearest medical center. Finally, we calibrated our model with snakebite data in Colombia from 2010 to 2019 using the Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo algorithm. Our results suggest that 10.19% of total snakebite cases (532.26 yearly envenomings) are not reported and these snakebite victims do not seek medical attention, and that populations in the Orinoco and Amazonian regions are the most at-risk and show the highest percentage of underreporting. We also found that variables such as precipitation of the driest month and mean temperature of the warmest quarter influences the suitability of environments for venomous snakes rather than absolute temperature or rainfall.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our framework permits snakebite underreporting to be estimated using data on snakebite incidence and surveillance, presence locations for the most medically significant venomous snake species, and openly available information on population size, poverty, climate, land cover, roads, and the locations of medical centers. Thus, our algorithm could be used in other countries to estimate total snakebite incidence and improve disease management strategies; however, this framework does not serve as a replacement for a surveillance system, which should be made a priority in countries facing similar public health challenges.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T18:41:43Z","timestamp":1675708903000},"page":"e0011117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A generalized framework for estimating snakebite underreporting using statistical models: A study in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-7396","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bravo-Vega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Renjifo-Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Santos-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Jose","family":"Le\u00f3n Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teddy","family":"Angarita-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Cordovez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0127-6","article-title":"Snakebite envenomation turns again into a neglected tropical disease!","volume":"23","author":"JP Chippaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050218","article-title":"The Global Burden of Snakebite: A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths","volume":"5","author":"A Kasturiratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120021113","article-title":"Snake antivenoms.","author":"DG Lalloo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology\u2014Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002009","article-title":"Using Geographical Information Systems to Identify Populations in Need of Improved Accessibility to Antivenom Treatment for Snakebite Envenoming in Costa Rica","volume":"7","author":"E Hansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000896","article-title":"Mapping Snakebite Epidemiology in Nicaragua\u2013Pitfalls and Possible Solutions","volume":"4","author":"E Hansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000569","article-title":"Snake envenoming: a disease of poverty","volume":"3","author":"RA Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref007","author":"WHO","year":"2007"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002162","article-title":"The Need for Full Integration of Snakebite Envenoming within a Global Strategy to Combat the Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Way Forward","volume":"7","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.02.008","article-title":"Improving antivenom availability and accessibility: Science, technology, and beyond","volume":"60","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004813","article-title":"Mapping the Risk of Snakebite in Sri Lanka\u2014A National Survey with Geospatial Analysis","volume":"10","author":"DS Ediriweera","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref011","volume-title":"Snakebite envenoming a strategy for prevention and control","author":"World health organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref012","first-page":"5","article-title":"Toward an open-access global database for mapping, control, and surveillance of neglected tropical diseases","author":"E H\u00fcrlimann","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref013","first-page":"479","article-title":"Snakebite Epidemiology in Bangladesh\u2014A National Community Based Health and Injury Survey.","volume":"08","author":"J Hossain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health (Irvine Calif)."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.128158","article-title":"Epidemiological profile of snake bite in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal with focus on underreporting of snake bite deaths","volume":"58","author":"A Sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100957","article-title":"The Use of Ecological Niche Modeling to Infer Potential Risk Areas of Snakebite in the Mexican State of Veracruz","volume":"9","author":"C Ya\u00f1ez-Arenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1544-6","article-title":"Mapping current and future potential snakebite risk in the new world","volume":"134","author":"C Ya\u00f1ez-Arenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007914","article-title":"Estimating snakebite incidence from mathematical models: A test in Costa Rica.","volume":"13","author":"CA Bravo-Vega","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref018","article-title":"THE REPTILE DATABASE","author":"P Uetz"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref019","article-title":"The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere","author":"JA Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"United States of America: Comstock Pub. Associates"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref020","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Comportamiento general de los accidentes provocados por animales venenosos en Colombia, 2006\u20132010","volume":"14","author":"AL Rodr\u00edguez-Vargas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev salud p\u00fablica"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites","volume":"54","author":"R Otero-Patino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15446\/rsap.v22n3.87005","article-title":"Epidemiology of snakebites in Colombia (2008\u20132016).","volume":"22","author":"LJ Nu\u00f1ez Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7438-3_41","article-title":"Snake Bites in Colombia","author":"R. Otero-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Toxinology Aust Eur Am Toxinology"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref024","first-page":"435","article-title":"El contexto de las serpientes en Colombia con un an\u00e1lisis de las amenazas en contra de su conservaci\u00f3n","volume":"36","author":"JD Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Cienc"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref025","volume-title":"Programa nacional para la conservaci\u00f3n de las serpientes presentes en Colombia","author":"JD Lynch","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref026","article-title":"Informe Del Evento Accidente Ofidico, Colombia, 2016","volume":"33","author":"LJ Nu\u00f1ez Le\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inst Nac Salud- SIVIGILA"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda del accidente of\u00eddico en Colombia","author":"H. Charry-Restrepo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Temas de Toxinologia"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7363-3","article-title":"High snakebite underreporting rate in the Centre Region of Cameroon: An observational study","volume":"19","author":"D Tchoffo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref029","first-page":"s144","article-title":"Sistema de salud de Colombia","author":"R Guerrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica de M\u00e9xico. scielomx"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref030","first-page":"523","article-title":"Improving the control of snakebite envenomation in Latin America and the Caribbean: A discussion on pending issues","volume-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","author":"JM Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Envenenamientos por mordeduras de serpientes en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe","volume":"LI","author":"J. Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn Mariolog\u00eda y Salud Ambient"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref032","volume-title":"Envenenamiento y aspectos antropol\u00f3gicos","author":"J Valencia","year":"2016","edition":"1"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref034","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202403","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202403","article-title":"Evaluating collinearity effects on species distribution models: An approach based on virtual species simulation","volume":"13","author":"P De Marco","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03049","article-title":"Opening the black box: an open-source release of Maxent","volume":"40","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography (Cop)."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref038","article-title":"Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research","author":"RR Sokal","year":"1995","journal-title":"W.H. Freeman"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001018","article-title":"Snakebite Mortality in India: A Nationally Representative Mortality Survey","volume":"5","author":"B Mohapatra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005662","article-title":"Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas","volume":"11","author":"J-P Chippaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref041","article-title":"Colombia Road Network (main roads).","author":"WF Programme","year":"2021","journal-title":"In: WFP GeoNode [Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref042","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land Cover of Colombia. In: GeoNetwork\u2014The portal to spatial data and information [Internet]. [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/geonetwork\/srv\/en\/metadata.show?id=37154&currTab=simple"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref043","unstructured":"Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Agustin Codazzi. Major Rivers, Colombia. In: [Shapefile] [Internet]. 2011 [cited 16 Jan 2021]. Available: https:\/\/earthworks.stanford.edu\/catalog\/tufts-colombia-major-rivers-11"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref044","article-title":"Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling [R package raster version 3.4\u20135].","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Packag"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref045","unstructured":"PERFETTI DEL CORRAL Director M, LUZ CARDENAS FONSECA Secretaria General Directores M, Efra\u00edn Freire Delgado E, Paola G\u00f3mez Acosta A, Buitrago Hoyos G, Ricardo Valenzuela Guti\u00e9rrez R, et al. MANUAL DE USO DEL MARCO GEOESTAD\u00cdSTICO NACIONAL DANE. 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.sen.gov.co\/files\/RegulacionEstadistica\/Manual_MGN.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref046","first-page":"76","article-title":"R package gdistance: Distances and routes on geographical grids","author":"J. van Etten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1573732","article-title":"A Hierarchical Framework for Correcting Under-Reporting in Count Data","volume":"114","author":"O Stoner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref048","article-title":"Dimensi\u00f3n espacial de la pobreza en Colombia","volume":"54","author":"P\u00e9rez Gerson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Doc Trab sobre Econ Reg."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.18359\/rfce.4913","article-title":"Experiencia de medici\u00f3n del \u00edndice de Necesidades B\u00e1sicas Insatisfechas en barrios en proceso de invasi\u00f3n en Aguachica, Cesar.","volume":"28","author":"A Castro Alfaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Fac Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2016.1172487","article-title":"Programming With Models: Writing Statistical Algorithms for General Model Structures With NIMBLE","volume":"26","author":"P de Valpine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6053","article-title":"One size does not fit all: Customizing MCMC methods for hierarchical models using NIMBLE","volume":"10","author":"LC Ponisio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref052","article-title":"Revisiting the Gelman-Rubin Diagnostic","author":"D Vats","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"7","author":"A Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref054","article-title":"Escalaf\u00f3n de la competitividad de los departamentos de Colombia 2015: Versi\u00f3n en edici\u00f3n","volume":"107","author":"JC Ram\u00edrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Of la CEPAL en Colomb"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","article-title":"TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"JT Abatzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref056","first-page":"2854","article-title":"Identifying the natural reserve area of Cistanche salsa under the effects of multiple host plants and climate change conditions using a maximum entropy model in Xinjiang","volume":"13","author":"M Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"China. Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.05.017","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of habitat suitability models to predict species presences","volume":"199","author":"AH Hirzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139391","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Sand Fly Vectors and Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Transmission in Colombia","volume":"10","author":"C Ferro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.008","article-title":"Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling","volume":"213","author":"AT Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500249","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500249","article-title":"Snakebites are associated with poverty, weather fluctuations, and El Nino","volume":"1","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref061","article-title":"Evaluating temporal patterns of snakebite in Sri Lanka: the potential for higher snakebite burdens with climate change","author":"DS Ediriweera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.02.002","article-title":"The Association Between Heat Waves and Other Meteorological Parameters and Snakebites: Israel National Study","volume":"54","author":"S Shashar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref063","volume-title":"Documentos de trabajo sobre economia regional","author":"GJ P\u00e9rez","year":"2005"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref064","unstructured":"Grupo de Planeaci\u00f3n en la Salud P\u00fablica\u2014Ministerio de salud. CONTEXTO GENERAL DE LOS PUEBLOS IND\u00cdGENAS: ASPECTOS SOCIO CULTURALES, DEMOGR\u00c1FICOS, AMBIENTALES, TERRITORIALES Y DE SALUD. Bogot\u00e1, D.C: Ministerio de salud; 2017."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref065","article-title":"Departamento Nacional de Planeaci\u00f3n","author":"Direcci\u00f3n de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible\u2014DDRS","year":"2014","journal-title":"MISI\u00d3N PARA LA TRANSFORMACI\u00d3N DEL CAMPO Definici\u00f3n de Categor\u00edas de Ruralidad"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009044","article-title":"Overview of snakebite in Brazil: Possible drivers and a tool for risk mapping","volume":"15","author":"MC Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040170","article-title":"Snakebite: When the human touch becomes a bad touch.","author":"BG Fry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins. MDPI AG"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref068","first-page":"9","article-title":"Implications of global environmental change for the burden of snakebite","author":"G Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicon X"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009047","article-title":"Integrating human behavior and snake ecology with agent-based models to predict snakebite in high risk landscapes","volume":"15","author":"E Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-013-0433-7","article-title":"National and regional determinants of tropical deforestation in Colombia.","volume":"13","author":"D Armenteras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg Environ Chang"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref071","article-title":"Geograf\u00eda econ\u00f3mica de la Amazonia Colombiana","author":"A Meisel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Documentos de trabajo sobre econom\u00eda regional"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref072","article-title":"When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead, Bothrops atrox, in Central Amazonia","author":"E M Oliveira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brazil. Herpetological Natural History"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.024","article-title":"Natural history of the terciopelo Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica.","volume":"54","author":"M Sasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0208532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208532","article-title":"Stepping into a dangerous quagmire: Macroecological determinants of Bothrops envenomings, Brazilian Amazon.","volume":"13","author":"JA Alc\u00e2ntara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1643\/CE-11-098","article-title":"Habitat Selection by Bothrops atrox (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil.","volume":"2013","author":"R de Fraga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.11.020","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming from a global perspective: Towards an integrated approach","volume":"56","author":"JM Gutierrez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2011.10.001","article-title":"Food resources influence spatial ecology, habitat selection, and foraging behavior in an ambush-hunting snake (Viperidae: Bothrops asper): an experimental study","volume":"115","author":"DK Wasko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref078","first-page":"444","article-title":"Reproductive Biology and Distribution of the Terciopelo, Bothrops asper Garman (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Costa Rica","volume":"45","author":"A Sol\u00f3rzano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref079","first-page":"1","article-title":"Snakebites are associated with poverty, weather fluctuations, and El Ni\u00f1o","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010270","article-title":"Disentangling snakebite dynamics in Colombia: How does rainfall and temperature drive snakebite temporal patterns?","volume":"16","author":"CI Bravo-Vega","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12598","article-title":"Time to antivenom administration is not associated with total antivenom dose administered in a copperhead-predominant snakebite population","volume":"22","author":"CJ Gerardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.07.403","article-title":"Time to Antivenom Administration in Snakebite","volume":"62","author":"CJ Gerardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009023","article-title":"Novel transdisciplinary methodology for cross-sectional analysis of snakebite epidemiology at national scale","volume":"15","author":"G Alcoba","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref084","first-page":"491","article-title":"MG. ESTADO DEL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN COLOMBIA Y SUS AMENAZAS. CONSIDERACIONES PARA FORTALECER LA INTERACCI\u00d3N CIENCIA-POL\u00cdTICA. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales","author":"Andrade-C","year":"2011","journal-title":"scieloco"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref085","author":"SA Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dealing with Snakes in Florida\u2019s Residential Areas-Identifying Commonly Encountered Snakes 1"},{"key":"pntd.0011117.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54076","article-title":"Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study","volume":"9","author":"W Suraweera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T18:51:53Z","timestamp":1676573513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011117","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}