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Typhi), an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries, is transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated by feces or urine from individuals with acute or chronic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi infection. Most chronic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi carriers (shedding for \u226512 months) harbor infection in their gallbladder wherein preexisting pathologies, particularly cholelithiasis, provide an environment that fosters persistence. Much less appreciated is the existence of non-gallbladder hepatobiliary chronic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi carriers and urinary carriers. The former includes parasitic liver flukes as a chronic carriage risk factor. Chronic urinary carriers typically have pathology of their urinary tract, with or without renal or bladder stones. Even as the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi strains is rising, global implementation of highly effective typhoid vaccines is increasing. There is also renewed interest in identifying, monitoring, and (where possible) treating chronic carriers who comprise the long-term reservoir of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T17:54:19Z","timestamp":1679594059000},"page":"e0011168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7881-3605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seth A.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sikorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5721-5040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myron M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011168.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.6.1320-1322.1983","article-title":"Identification of a carrier by using Vi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology in an outbreak of typhoid fever on an Indian reservation","volume":"18","author":"NC Engleberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011168.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1194-1197.1988","article-title":"Restaurant-associated outbreak of typhoid fever in Maryland: identification of carrier facilitated by measurement of serum Vi antibodies","volume":"26","author":"FY Lin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011168.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199412000-00006","article-title":"A case of recurrent typhoid fever in the United States: importance of the grandmother connection and the use of large restriction fragment pattern analysis of genomic DNA for strain comparison","volume":"13","author":"PW Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011168.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.4.640","article-title":"The use of Moore swabs for isolation of Salmonella Typhi from irrigation water in Santiago, Chile","volume":"149","author":"SD Sears","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011168.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1086\/314766","article-title":"A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water","volume":"179","author":"JH Mermin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011168.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233509","article-title":"Histopathology of the upper small intestines in typhoid fever. 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