{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T21:08:50Z","timestamp":1783976930717,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011200","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1183986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1183986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The kala-azar elimination programme has resulted in a significant reduction in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases across the Indian Subcontinent. To detect any resurgence of transmission, a sensitive cost-effective surveillance system is required. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), detection of pathogen DNA\/RNA in vectors, provides a proxy of human infection in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. To determine whether MX can be used for VL surveillance in a low transmission setting, large numbers of the sand fly vector <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> are required. This study will determine the best method for capturing <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic> females for MX.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The field study was performed in two programmatic and two non-programmatic villages in Bihar, India. A total of 48 households (12\/village) were recruited. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (CDC-LTs) were compared with Improved Prokopack (PKP) and mechanical vacuum aspirators (MVA) using standardised methods. Four 12x12 Latin squares, 576 collections, were attempted (12\/house, 144\/village,192\/method). Molecular analyses of collections were conducted to confirm identification of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic> and to detect human and <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA. Operational factors, such as time burden, acceptance to householders and RNA preservation, were also considered. A total of 562 collections (97.7%) were completed with 6,809 sand flies captured. Females comprised 49.0% of captures, of which 1,934 (57.9%) were identified as <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic>. CDC-LTs collected 4.04 times more <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic> females than MVA and 3.62 times more than PKP (p&lt;0.0001 for each). Of 21,735 mosquitoes in the same collections, no significant differences between collection methods were observed. CDC-LTs took less time to install and collect than to perform aspirations and their greater yield compensated for increased sorting time. No significant differences in <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> RNA detection and quantitation between methods were observed in experimentally infected sand flies maintained in conditions simulating field conditions. CDC-LTs were favoured by householders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CDC-LTs are the most useful collection tool of those tested for MX surveillance since they collected higher numbers of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic> females without compromising mosquito captures or the preservation of RNA. However, capture rates are still low.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T17:38:45Z","timestamp":1693589925000},"page":"e0011200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of collection methods for Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to use in a molecular xenomonitoring system for the surveillance of visceral 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