{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:23:35Z","timestamp":1791501815842,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000691","name":"Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INSPIRE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INSPIRE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003513","name":"University of Surrey","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DCSA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCSA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global 2030 goal set by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies deaths, has undeniably been a catalyst for many countries to re-assess existing dog rabies control programmes. Additionally, the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development includes a blueprint for global targets which will benefit both people and secure the health of the planet. Rabies is acknowledged as a disease of poverty, but the connections between economic development and rabies control and elimination are poorly quantified yet, critical evidence for planning and prioritisation. We have developed multiple generalised linear models, to model the relationship between health care access, poverty, and death rate as a result of rabies, with separate indicators that can be used at country-level; total Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and current health expenditure as a percentage of the total gross domestic product (% GDP) as an indicator of economic growth; and a metric of poverty assessing the extent and intensity of deprivation experienced at the individual level (Multidimensional Poverty Index, MPI). Notably there was no detectable relationship between GDP or current health expenditure (% GDP) and death rate from rabies. However, MPI showed statistically significant relationships with per capita rabies deaths and the probability of receiving lifesaving post exposure prophylaxis. We highlight that those most at risk of not being treated, and dying due to rabies, live in communities experiencing health care inequalities, readily measured through poverty indicators. These data demonstrate that economic growth alone, may not be enough to meet the 2030 goal. Indeed, other strategies such as targeting vulnerable populations and responsible pet ownership are also needed in addition to economic investment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T18:20:56Z","timestamp":1682014856000},"page":"e0011204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantifying the interconnectedness between poverty, health access, and rabies mortality"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8892-6793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Whitelegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquin M.","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011204.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004709","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004709","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases as a barometer for progress in health systems in times of COVID-19.","volume":"6","author":"N Ehrenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011204.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab002","article-title":"A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030.","volume":"115","author":"MN Malecela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011204.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30227-5","article-title":"WHO\u2019s 2021\u201330 roadmap for neglected tropical diseases","volume":"2","author":"VS Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011204.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009373","article-title":"New global targets for NTDs in the WHO roadmap 2021\u20132030","volume":"15","author":"A. Casulli","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13074.2","article-title":"Zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030: perspectives from quantitative and mathematical modelling.","volume":"3","author":"WHO Rabies Modelling Consortium W","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref006","author":"WHO","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref007","article-title":"Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals","author":"United Nations","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Nations Sustainable Development."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref008","author":"WHO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Universal Health Coverage"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105169","article-title":"A critical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for circular economy strategies.","volume":"164","author":"T Ibn-Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref010","author":"OPHI","year":"2021","journal-title":"MPI Methodological Notes | OPHI"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref011","author":"OPHI","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Multidimensional Poverty Index | OPHI"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref012","author":"World Bank","year":"2022","journal-title":"The World Bank Atlas method\u2014detailed methodology\u2013World Bank Data Help Desk"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref013","author":"OPHI","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data tables and Do-files | OPHI [Internet]."},{"issue":"1869","key":"pntd.0011204.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20171880","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1880","article-title":"Rabies elimination research: juxtaposing optimism, pragmatism and realism","volume":"284","author":"S Cleaveland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011204.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e828","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30302-4","article-title":"New global strategic plan to eliminate dog-mediated rabies by 2030","volume":"6","author":"R Minghui","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011204.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0306-2","article-title":"The impact of poverty on dog ownership and access to canine rabies vaccination: results from a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey, Uganda 2013.","volume":"6","author":"RM Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011204.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005460","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005460","article-title":"Barriers to dog rabies vaccination during an urban rabies outbreak: Qualitative findings from Arequipa, Peru.","volume":"11","author":"R Castillo-Neyra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.08.086","article-title":"The need to improve access to rabies post-exposure vaccines: Lessons from Tanzania","volume":"37","author":"J Changalucha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref019","article-title":"The Road to Dog Rabies Control and Elimination\u2014What Keeps Us from Moving Faster?","author":"AS Fahrion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health [Internet]."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011204.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.02.009","article-title":"Rabies in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and North Africa: Building evidence and delivering a regional approach to rabies elimination","volume":"14","author":"E Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011204.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041736","article-title":"Challenges to the Fight against Rabies\u2014The Landscape of Policy and Prevention Strategies in Africa.","volume":"18","author":"AH Haselbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref022","author":"World Bank","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Bank [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011204.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","article-title":"Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies.","volume":"9","author":"K Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011204.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30512-7","article-title":"The potential effect of improved provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Gavi-eligible countries: a modelling study.","volume":"19","author":"WHO Rabies Modelling Consortium","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref025","author":"United Nations","year":"2021","journal-title":"The 2021 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) | Human Development Reports [Internet]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011204.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz048","article-title":"Reflections on the decade of the neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"11","author":"MN Malecela","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011204.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/2053019619869947","article-title":"From gross domestic product to wellbeing: How alternative indicators can help connect the new economy with the Sustainable Development Goals.","volume":"6","author":"L Fioramonti","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Anthropocene Review"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref028","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness modelling studies of all preventive measures against rabies: A systematic review","author":"T Anothaisintawee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105120","article-title":"An economic case study of the control of dog-mediated rabies by an animal welfare organisation in Jaipur, India.","volume":"183","author":"AJ Larkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref030","author":"United Nations","year":"2022","journal-title":"Home\u2014SDG Indicators [Internet]."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011204.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab123","article-title":"Rabies and the pandemic: lessons for One Health","volume":"116","author":"D Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref032","article-title":"The Impact of the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Canine Rabies Control Efforts: A Mixed-Methods Study of Observations About the Present and Lessons for the Future.","author":"D Nadal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Tropical Diseases [Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011204.ref033","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2019) [Internet].","author":"Global Burden of Disease","year":"2014","journal-title":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011204.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30371-y","article-title":"Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach.","volume":"13","author":"AD Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T18:21:53Z","timestamp":1682014913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011204"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Husain","family":"Poonawala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011204","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}