{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:10:24Z","timestamp":1785355824769,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000}}],"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1127297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1127297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mass drug administration (MDA) based on two doses of ivermectin, one week apart, substantially reduces prevalence of both scabies and impetigo. The Regimens of Ivermectin for Scabies Elimination (RISE) trial assessed whether one-dose ivermectin-based MDA would be as effective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>RISE was a cluster-randomised trial in Solomon Islands. We assigned 20 villages in a 1:1 ratio to one- or two-dose ivermectin-based MDA. We planned to test whether the impact of one dose on scabies prevalence at 12 and 24 months was non-inferior to two, at a 5% non-inferiority margin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We deferred endpoint assessment to 21 months due to COVID-19. We enrolled 5239 participants in 20 villages at baseline and 3369 at 21 months from an estimated population of 5500. At baseline scabies prevalence was similar in the two arms (one-dose 17\u00b72%; two-dose 13\u00b72%). At 21 months, there was no reduction in scabies prevalence (one-dose 18\u00b77%; two-dose 13\u00b74%), and the confidence interval around the difference included values substantially greater than 5%. There was however a reduction in prevalence among those who had been present at the baseline assessment (one-dose 15\u00b79%; two-dose 10\u00b78%). Additionally, we found a reduction in both scabies severity and impetigo prevalence in both arms, to a similar degree.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was no indication of an overall decline in scabies prevalence in either arm. The reduction in scabies prevalence in those present at baseline suggests that the unexpectedly high influx of people into the trial villages, likely related to the COVID-19 pandemic, may have compromised the effectiveness of the MDA. Despite the lack of effect there are important lessons to be learnt from this trial about conducting MDA for scabies in high prevalence settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=375384\" xlink:type=\"simple\">ACTRN12618001086257<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T17:37:21Z","timestamp":1679074641000},"page":"e0011207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["One versus two doses of ivermectin-based mass drug administration for the control of scabies: A cluster randomised non-inferiority trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-5430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanna J.","family":"Lake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Engelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Zinihite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Sokana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dickson","family":"Boara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Nasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Gorae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent H.","family":"Osti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Parnaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke C.","family":"Grobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot J.","family":"Whitfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10100","key":"pntd.0011207.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011207.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00132-2","article-title":"Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011207.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283511d27","article-title":"Streptococcal skin infection and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"25","author":"T Parks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011207.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.16","article-title":"Mass Drug Administration and Integrated Control for the World\u2019s High-Prevalence Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"85","author":"P. Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"10192","key":"pntd.0011207.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31136-5","article-title":"The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action","volume":"394","author":"D Engelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011207.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009661","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009661","article-title":"A framework for scabies control.","volume":"15","author":"D Engelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"24","key":"pntd.0011207.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500987","article-title":"Mass Drug Administration for Scabies Control in a Population with Endemic Disease.","volume":"373","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011207.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30790-4","article-title":"Efficacy of mass drug administration with ivermectin for control of scabies and impetigo, with coadministration of azithromycin: a single-arm community intervention trial","volume":"19","author":"L Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011207.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0910329","article-title":"Permethrin and Ivermectin for Scabies.","volume":"362","author":"BJ Currie","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0011207.ref010","unstructured":"eTG complete. [Internet]. Melbourne, Victoria: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd. Available from: https:\/\/tgldcdp.tg.org.au.acs.hcn.com.au\/viewTopic?topicfile=insects-mites&guidelineName=Dermatology#toc_d1e110."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011207.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.08.005","article-title":"Opportunities for Integrated Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases That Affect the Skin","volume":"32","author":"D Engelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011207.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-299","article-title":"Soil transmitted helminths and scabies in Zanzibar, Tanzania following mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis\u2014a rapid assessment methodology to assess impact.","volume":"5","author":"KA Mohammed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011207.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00087-X","article-title":"Treatment with ivermectin reduces the high prevalence of scabies in a village in Papua New Guinea","volume":"75","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011207.ref014","first-page":"Cd012994","article-title":"Ivermectin and permethrin for treating scabies.","volume":"4","author":"S Rosumeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011207.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003849","article-title":"Community control strategies for scabies: A cluster randomised noninferiority trial.","volume":"18","author":"M Hardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011207.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037305","article-title":"Protocol for a cluster-randomised non-inferiority trial of one versus two doses of ivermectin for the control of scabies using a mass drug administration strategy (the RISE study).","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0011207.ref017","unstructured":"Solomon Islands Government 2009 Population & Housing Census\u2014National Report Volume 2 Honiara, Solomon Islands; 2009."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0011207.ref018","first-page":"361","article-title":"Ivermectin dose assessment without weighing scales","volume":"71","author":"ND Alexander","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011207.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007635","article-title":"The diagnosis of scabies by non-expert examiners: A study of diagnostic accuracy.","volume":"13","author":"MH Osti","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011207.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18943","article-title":"The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies","volume":"183","author":"D Engelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011207.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003452","article-title":"Scabies and impetigo prevalence and risk factors in Fiji: a national survey.","volume":"9","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011207.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011207.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004803","article-title":"The Prevalence of Scabies and Impetigo in the Solomon Islands: A Population-Based Survey.","volume":"10","author":"DS Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011207.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy574","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Community Treatment With Azithromycin and Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration for Control of Scabies and Impetigo","volume":"68","author":"M Marks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011207.ref025","author":"G Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin \/ Gregor Lawrence\u2026 . [et al.]. Lutte contre la gale, les l\u00e9sions cutan\u00e9es et l\u2019 h\u00e9maturie chez les enfants des \u00eeles Salomon: un autre r\u00f4le pour l\u2019 ivermectine: r\u00e9su."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011207.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz444","article-title":"Prevalence of Scabies and Impetigo 3 Years After Mass Drug Administration With Ivermectin and Azithromycin","volume":"70","author":"M Marks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011207.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1808439","article-title":"Mass Drug Administration for Scabies\u20142 Years of Follow-up.","volume":"381","author":"L Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011207.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004358","article-title":"Accuracy of Coverage Survey Recall following an Integrated Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis.","volume":"10","author":"PJ Budge","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"8748","key":"pntd.0011207.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92669-S","article-title":"Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream","volume":"337","author":"D Taplin","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011207.ref030","article-title":"The Solomon Islands\u2019 Social Policy Response to Covid-19: Between Wantok and Economic Stimulus Package.","volume":"18","author":"GL Nanau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Covid-19 Social Policy Response Series Global Dynamics of Social Policy."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011207.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004151","article-title":"Impact of an Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration on Scabies Prevalence in a Remote Australian Aboriginal Community.","volume":"9","author":"TM Kearns","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T18:16:07Z","timestamp":1680113767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011207","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}