{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T10:56:32Z","timestamp":1786791392912,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011208","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000}}],"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R37AI101438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI101438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>is the world\u2019s most widely distributed and commonly implicated vector snail species for the causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis,<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>. In efforts to control<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>transmission, chemotherapy alone has proven insufficient. New approaches to snail control offer a way forward, and possible genetic manipulations of snail vectors will require new tools. Towards this end, we here offer a diverse set of genomic resources for the important African schistosome vector,<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based largely on PacBio High-Fidelity long reads, we report a genome assembly size of 772 Mb for<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>(Kenya), smaller in size than known genomes of other planorbid schistosome vectors. In a total of 505 scaffolds (N50 = 3.2Mb), 430 were assigned to 18 large linkage groups inferred to represent the 18 known chromosomes, based on whole genome comparisons with<jats:italic>Biomphalaria glabrata<\/jats:italic>. The annotated<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>genome reveals a divergence time of 3.01 million years with<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic>, a South American species believed to be similar to the progenitors of<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>which undertook a trans-Atlantic colonization &lt; five million years ago.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The genome for this preferentially self-crossing species is less heterozygous than related species known to be preferential out-crossers; its smaller genome relative to congeners may similarly reflect its preference for selfing. Expansions of gene families with immune relevance are noted, including the<jats:italic>FReD<\/jats:italic>gene family which is far more similar in its composition to<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic>than to<jats:italic>Bulinus truncatus<\/jats:italic>, a vector for<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>. Provision of this annotated genome will help better understand the dependencies of trematodes on snails, enable broader comparative insights regarding factors contributing to susceptibility\/ resistance of snails to schistosome infections, and provide an invaluable resource with respect to identifying and manipulating snail genes as potential targets for more specific snail control programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T17:44:21Z","timestamp":1679679861000},"page":"e0011208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A genome sequence for Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the major vector snail for the human-infecting parasite Schistosoma 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