{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:32:01Z","timestamp":1777339921828,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302796\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302796\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nSporotrichosis is a subcutaneous or implantation mycosis caused by some species of the genus Sporothrix<\/jats:italic>. Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, experiences hyperendemic levels of zoonotic sporotrichosis, with increasing cases of disseminated disease, especially in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Involvement of the nasal mucosa is rare and occurs isolated or in disseminated cases, with a delayed resolution.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\nThis study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profiles of 37 cases of sporotrichosis with involvement of the nasal mucosa treated at the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, from 1998 to 2020. Data were reviewed from the medical records and stored in a database. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was used to compare the means of quantitative variables, and Pearson chi-square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests were used to verify the association between qualitative variables (p<0.05). Most patients were males, students or retirees, with a median age of 38 years, residents in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and infected through zoonotic transmission. Disseminated sporotrichosis forms in patients with comorbidities (mostly PLHIV) were more common than the isolated involvement of the mucosa. The main characteristics of lesions in the nasal mucosa were the presence\/elimination of crusts, involvement of various structures, mixed appearance, and severe intensity. Due to therapeutic difficulty, itraconazole was combined with amphotericin B and\/or terbinafine in most cases. Of the 37 patients, 24 (64.9%) healed, with a median of 61 weeks of treatment, 9 lost follow-up, 2 were still treating and 2 died.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nImmunosuppression was determinant to the outcome, with worse prognosis and lower probability of cure. Notably in this group, the systematization of the ENT examination for early identification of lesions is recommended to optimize the treatment and outcome of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T17:32:12Z","timestamp":1679938332000},"page":"e0011212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sporotrichosis in the nasal mucosa: A single-center retrospective study of 37 cases from 1998 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carlos Felipe Gomes","family":"Izoton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Xavier","family":"de Brito Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Maria","family":"Valete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando de Oliveira","family":"Schubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Carolina","family":"Proc\u00f3pio-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosely Maria","family":"Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscila Marques","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara","family":"Gutierrez-Galhardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Castro-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Almeida-Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina da Costa","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2039-2438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dayvison Francis Saraiva","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011212.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000600006","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: an emergent zoonosis in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"96","author":"L Barros MB de","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011212.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/381200","article-title":"Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: description of a series of cases","volume":"38","author":"L Barros MB de","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011212.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac079","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac079","article-title":"Spread of Sporothrix spp. through respiratory droplets from infected cats: A potential route of transmission","volume":"60","author":"AGD Bastos F de","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2603.190803","article-title":"Geographic expansion of sporotrichosis, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"IDF Gremi\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref005","article-title":"Percep\u00e7\u00e3o do risco de transmiss\u00e3o de zoonoses em um centro de refer\u00eancia.","volume":"9","author":"C Martins AC da","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Electron Comun Inf Inov Saude [Internet]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011212.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2017279","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: an update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics.","volume":"92","author":"R Orofino-Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol."},{"issue":"0","key":"pntd.0011212.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multifocal choroiditis in disseminated sporotrichosis in patients with HIV\/aids","volume":"0","author":"AL Biancardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0011212.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2018.11.001","article-title":"Palate ulcer, uvular destruction and nasal septal perforation caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"23","author":"WA Eyer-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000493181","article-title":"Atypical manifestation of disseminated sporotrichosis in an AIDS patient","volume":"10","author":"TA Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011212.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003110","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: an emerging neglected opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"8","author":"DFS Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0746-1","article-title":"The impact of sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review.","volume":"43","author":"JAS Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref012","article-title":"Cutaneous disseminated and extracutaneous sporotrichosis: current status of a complex disease.","volume":"3","author":"A Bonifaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01655.x","article-title":"Disseminated sporotrichosis as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.","volume":"53","author":"MC Gutierrez-Galhardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011212.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.596288","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: report of 21 cases of endemic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"50","author":"DFS Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz024","article-title":"Zoonotic sporotrichosis with greater severity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 118 hospitalizations and 11 deaths in the last 2 decades in a reference institution","volume":"58","author":"EMM Falc\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011212.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-11","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis","volume":"24","author":"L Barros MB de","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011212.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir245","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with itraconazole\u2014study of 645 patients","volume":"52","author":"L Barros MB de","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref018","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of human sporotrichosis: what we already know.","volume":"4","author":"F Concei\u00e7\u00e3o-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref019","first-page":"DD01","article-title":"Sporotrichosis of maxillary sinuses in a middle aged female patient from rural area of Eastern India.","volume":"10","author":"AN Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01061.x","article-title":"Pansinusitis due to Sporothrix schenckii.","volume":"48","author":"R Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1095","article-title":"Sporotrichosis of Maxillary Sinus.","volume":"2","author":"N Sandeepa","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Dent."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011212.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160527","article-title":"Minimal inhibitory concentration distributions and epidemiological cutoff values of five antifungal agents against Sporothrix brasiliensis","volume":"112","author":"R Almeida-Paes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011212.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2022.07.001","article-title":"Human sporotrichosis: recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Dermatology for the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic management.","volume":"97","author":"R Orofino-Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011212.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006434","article-title":"Cryosurgery for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis in four pregnant women.","volume":"12","author":"V Fichman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011212.ref025","first-page":"995","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in pregnancy: case reports of 5 patients in a zoonotic epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"86","author":"R Orofino-Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001746","article-title":"Electrosurgery as adjuvant therapy for cutaneous sporotrichosis.","volume":"46","author":"FM Soeiro-Sampaio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011212.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004190","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of pathogenic Sporothrix species.","volume":"9","author":"AM Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011212.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009250","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009250","article-title":"Bone sporotrichosis: 41 cases from a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"15","author":"V Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011212.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009727","article-title":"An epidemic of sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: epidemiological aspects of a series of cases","volume":"136","author":"L Barros MB de","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011212.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003094","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sporothrix brasiliensis is associated with atypical clinical presentations.","volume":"8","author":"R Almeida-Paes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011212.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu061","article-title":"Feline sporotrichosis: epidemiological and clinical aspects","volume":"53","author":"IDF Gremiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"37","key":"pntd.0011212.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17155","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017155","article-title":"Effective treatment using itraconazole combined with terbinafine in the treatment of nasal sporotrichosis: A case report.","volume":"98","author":"K Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011212.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12312","article-title":"Nasal sporotrichosis in children.","volume":"53","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011212.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)31265-9","article-title":"A ten-year historic study of paranasal cavity endoscopy in patients with leprosy.","volume":"71","author":"C Martins AC da","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011212.ref035","first-page":"579","article-title":"Nasal mucosa study of leprosy contacts with positive serology for the phenolic glycolipid 1 antigen.","volume":"76","author":"C Martins AC da","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T18:01:21Z","timestamp":1680804081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011212","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}