{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T03:06:33Z","timestamp":1778987193895,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011229","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AI001134-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AI001134-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ-00766-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-00766-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["421392\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421392\/2018-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["302491\/2017-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302491\/2017-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> is a major challenge for malaria control due to its wide geographic distribution, high frequency of submicroscopic infections, and ability to induce relapses due to the latent forms present in the liver (hypnozoites). Deepening our knowledge of parasite biology and its molecular components is key to develop new tools for malaria control and elimination. This study aims to investigate and characterize a <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> protein (<jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14) for its role in parasite biology and its interactions with the immune system. We collected sera or plasma from <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>-infected subjects in Brazil (n = 121) and Cambodia (n = 55), and from <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum-<\/jats:italic>infected subjects in Mali (n = 28), to assess antibody recognition of <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14. Circulating antibodies against <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 appeared in 61% and 34.5% of subjects from Brazil and Cambodia, respectively, versus none (0%) of the <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>-infected subjects from Mali who have no exposure to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>. IgG1 and IgG3 most frequently contributed to anti-<jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 responses. <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 antibody levels correlated with those against other well-characterized sporozoite\/liver (<jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>CSP) and blood stage (<jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>DBP-RII) antigens, which were recognized by 7.6% and 42% of Brazilians, respectively. Concerning the cellular immune profiling of Brazilian subjects, <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 seroreactive individuals displayed significantly higher levels of circulating atypical (CD21<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> CD27<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) B cells, raising the possibility that atypical B cells may be contribute to the <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 antibody response. When analyzed at a single-cell level, the B cell receptor gene hIGHV3-23 was only seen in subjects with active <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> infection where it comprised 20% of V gene usage. Among T cells, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> levels differed (lower and higher, respectively) between subjects with versus without antibodies to <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14, while NKT cell levels were higher in those without antibodies. Specific B cell subsets, anti-<jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14 circulating antibodies, and NKT cell levels declined after treatment of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>. This study provides the immunological characterization of <jats:italic>Pv<\/jats:italic>Vir14, a unique <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> protein, and possible association with acute host\u2019s immune responses, providing new information of specific host-parasite interaction.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Trial registration<\/jats:bold>: TrialClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00663546\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT00663546<\/jats:ext-link> &amp; ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02334462\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT02334462<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T17:39:41Z","timestamp":1680889181000},"page":"e0011229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunological characterization of a VIR protein family member (VIR-14) in Plasmodium vivax-infected subjects from different epidemiological regions in Africa and South America"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raianna F.","family":"Fantin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila H.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne D.","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa M. 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