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The present study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of leptospirosis cases in South Brazil to identify the temporal trends and high-risk areas for transmission and to propose a model to predict the disease incidence. An ecological study of leptospirosis cases in the 497 municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was conducted from 2007 to 2019. The spatial distribution of disease incidence in southern Rio Grande do Sul municipalities was evaluated, and a high incidence of the disease was identified using the hotspot density technique. The trend of leptospirosis over the study period was evaluated by time series analyses using a generalized additive model and a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model to predict its future incidence. The highest incidence was recorded in the Centro Oriental Rio Grandense and metropolitan of Porto Alegre mesoregions, which were also identified as clusters with a high incidence and high risk of contagion. The analysis of the incidence temporal series identified peaks in the years 2011, 2014, and 2019. The SARIMA model predicted a decline in incidence in the first half of 2020, followed by an increase in the second half. Thus, the developed model proved to be adequate for predicting leptospirosis incidence and can be used as a tool for epidemiological analyses and healthcare services.Temporal and spatial clustering of leptospirosis cases highlights the demand for intersectorial surveillance and community control policies, with a focus on reducing the disparity among municipalities in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T17:46:23Z","timestamp":1681494383000},"page":"e0011239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spatial and temporal dynamics of leptospirosis in South Brazil: A forecasting and nonlinear regression analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alessandra Jacomelli","family":"Teles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Conrad","family":"Bohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-905X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suellen Caroline Matos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dia Campos Pereira","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Raphael Pascoti","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011239.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"B Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011239.ref002","first-page":"191","article-title":"Leptospirose e seu aspecto ocupacional\u2014revis\u00e3o de literatura.","volume":"18","author":"M Clazer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lopes KFC.Arq Ci\u00eanc Vet Zool UNIPAR."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011239.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320152112.07022016","article-title":"Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o espa\u00e7o-temporal da leptospirose e fatores de risco em Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brasil.","volume":"21","author":"NV Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia e Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011239.ref004","first-page":"588","article-title":"Vulnerabilidade s\u00f3cio ambiental \u00e0 leptospirose humana no aglomerado urbano metropolitano de Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Brasil: proposta metodol\u00f3gica a partir da an\u00e1lise multicrit\u00e9rio e \u00e1lgebra de mapas.","volume":"27","author":"EAM Buffon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade Soc"},{"key":"pntd.0011239.ref005","unstructured":"Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. 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