{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T20:50:04Z","timestamp":1772657404885,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011276","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["U19AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI074321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne protozoan disease, which can be fatal if left untreated. Synthetic chemical insecticides are very effective tools for controlling of insect vectors, including the sand fly <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>, the vector of VL in the Indian subcontinent. However, repeated use of the same insecticide with increasing doses potentially can create high selection pressure and lead to tolerance and resistance development. The objective of this study was to determine the lethal concentrations and assess levels of susceptibility, diagnostic doses and times to death of laboratory-reared <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>argentipes<\/jats:italic> to five insecticides that are used worldwide to control vectors. Using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay, 20\u201330 sand flies were exposed in insecticide- coated 500-ml glass bottles. Flies were then observed for 24 hours and mortality was recorded. Dose-response survival curves were generated for each insecticide using QCal software and lethal concentrations causing 50%, 90% and 95% mortality were determined. A bioassay was also conducted to determine diagnostic doses and diagnostic times by exposing 20\u201330 flies in each bottle containing set concentrations of insecticide. Mortality was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 120 minutes to generate the survival curve. <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> are highly susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin, followed by deltamethrin, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and least susceptible to DDT. Also, the lowest diagnostic doses and diagnostic times were established for alpha-cypermethrin (3\u03bcg\/ml for 40 minutes) to kill 100% of the flies. The susceptibility data, diagnostic doses and diagnostic times presented here will be useful as baseline reference points for future studies to assess insecticide susceptibility and resistance monitoring of field caught sand flies and to assist in surveillance as VL elimination is achieved in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T18:53:01Z","timestamp":1683744781000},"page":"e0011276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessing insecticide susceptibility, diagnostic dose and time for the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chaubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurag Kumar","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Tiwary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakti","family":"Kumar Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawna","family":"Hennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Om Praksh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Rowton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9138-8404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011276.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006168","article-title":"Bionomics of Phlebotomus argentipes in villages in Bihar, India with insights into efficacy of IRS-based control measures","volume":"12","author":"DM Poche","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011276.ref002","first-page":"139","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal during 1980\u20132006","volume":"38","author":"DD Joshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011276.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02110.x","article-title":"Vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, what is the evidence?","volume":"13","author":"B Ostyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tropical medicine & international health"},{"issue":"28","key":"pntd.0011276.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"M Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011276.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0200-3","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"5","author":"RC Dhiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011276.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000700014","article-title":"Vector density and the control of kala-azar in Bihar, India","volume":"104","author":"V Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0011276.ref007","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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