{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:22:23Z","timestamp":1754482943427,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["085308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["085308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council award","award":["G1000388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1000388"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)\/ CGIAR Fund donors"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust ISSF Fellowship award","award":["204822\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204822\/Z\/16\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite recognition of histoplasmosis as a disease of national public health concern in Kenya, the burden of<jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>in the general population remains unknown. This study examined the human seroprevalence of anti-<jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>antibody and explored associations between seropositivity and demographic and environmental variables, in Busia county, western Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biobanked serum samples and associated data, from a previous cross-sectional survey, were examined. Latex agglutination tests to detect the presence of anti-<jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>antibody were performed on serum samples from 670 survey respondents, representing 178 households within 102 sub-locations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Potential epidemiologic risk factors for<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>exposure were explored using multi-level multivariable logistic regression analysis with household and sub-location included as random effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The apparent sample seroprevalence of anti-<jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>antibody was 15.5% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 104\/670, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 12.9\u201318.5%). A multivariable logistic regression model identified increased odds of<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>seropositivity in respondents reporting rats within the household within the previous 12 months (OR = 2.99 90% CI 1.04\u20138.55,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.04). Compared to respondents aged 25\u201334 years, the odds of seropositivity were higher in respondents aged 15\u201324 years (OR = 2.70 90% CI 1.04\u20136.97,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The seroprevalence result provides a baseline for sample size approximations for future epidemiologic studies of the burden of<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>exposure in Busia county. The final model explored theoretically plausible risk factors for<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>exposure in the region. A number of factors may contribute to the complex epidemiological picture impacting<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>exposure status at the human-animal-environment interface in western Kenya. Focussed<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic>research is warranted to determine the contextual significance of identified associations, and in representative sample populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T17:21:24Z","timestamp":1683912084000},"page":"e0011295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evidence of Histoplasma capsulatum seropositivity and exploration of risk factors for exposure in Busia county, western Kenya: Analysis of the PAZ dataset"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-8555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tessa Rose","family":"Cornell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lian Francesca","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Anne Jessie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Pinchbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Bettridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Velma","family":"Kivali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Kiyong\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric Maurice","family":"F\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire Elizabeth","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011295.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161576","article-title":"Prioritization of Zoonotic Diseases in Kenya, 2015.","volume":"11","author":"P Munyua","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pntd.0011295.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000124","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection, trends, and risk factors among persons aged 15\u201364 years in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study.","volume":"66","author":"D Kimanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"pntd.0011295.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4892.848","article-title":"Histoplasmin sensitivity in Uganda","author":"JD Ball","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0011295.ref004","first-page":"71","article-title":"Histoplasmin tests in Ugandan sawmill workers","volume":"23","author":"V. 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