{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:51:47Z","timestamp":1789588307884,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011363","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subcutaneous (deep) mycoses are a chronic infectious disease of the skin and underlying structures endemic in tropical countries. The disease has serious medical and socioeconomic consequences for patients, communities and health services in endemic areas. The inclusion of mycetoma and other subcutaneous mycoses in the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases by WHO highlights the need to assess the burden of these diseases and establish control programs where necessary. In Ethiopia no strategies can be devised because of a lack of epidemiologic information. To address this evidence gap, we performed a national rapid assessment of the geographic distribution of subcutaneous mycoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a rapid retrospective assessment using hospital records to identify all suspected and confirmed cases of subcutaneous mycoses in 13 referral hospitals across the country between 2015 and 2022. In each hospital the logbooks were reviewed for diagnoses of subcutaneous mycosess, as diagnosed per routine practice. Descriptive analysis was done.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 13 hospitals we extracted 143 cases of subcutaneous mycoses, registered from July 2018 to September 2022. 118 (82.5%) patients were diagnosed as mycetoma, 21 (14.7%) as chromoblastomycosis and the remaining 4 (2.8%) as sporotrichosis. The mean age of patients was 35.8 years (SD = 14.5). 101 (70.6%) patients were male and 96 (67.1%) patients were farmers. 64 (44.8%) cases were from the Tigray regional state. 56 (65.9%) patients had information on diagnostic microscopic evaluation: for mycetoma histopathologic evaluation and fine needle aspiration cytology had a higher positivity rate while for chromoblastomycosis potassium hydroxide (KOH) staining had a better yield. The main clinical presentations were nodules, sinuses and infiltrative plaques on the skin. Radiologic findings of bone involvement was present in some.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mycetoma and other subcutaneous mycoses are endemic in Ethiopia, with cases reported from almost all regions with the highest cases numbers reported from the northern part of the country. A routine program and systems should be developed to identify and document the burden of subcutaneous fungal infections in the country. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines should be developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T17:38:28Z","timestamp":1695836308000},"page":"e0011363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Subcutaneous mycoses: Endemic but neglected among the Neglected Tropical Diseases in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-850X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendemagegn","family":"Enbiale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigus","family":"Manaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikre","family":"Seife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyede","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filmon","family":"Gebremeskel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"van Griensven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011363.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.539631","article-title":"Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: an overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"49","author":"F Queiroz-Telles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"pntd.0011363.ref002","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a strategic framework for integrated control and management of skin-related neglected tropical diseases.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011363.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mycetoma: The spectrum of clinical presentation","volume":"3","author":"AH Fahal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011363.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007019","article-title":"The disabling consequences of Mycetoma","volume":"12","author":"M Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011363.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.004","article-title":"Tropical fungal infections.","volume":"26","author":"LY Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"pntd.0011363.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01131-4","article-title":"Mycetoma caused by Madurellamycetomatis: a neglected infectious burden","volume":"4","author":"AO Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011363.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802538001","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"47","author":"F Queiroz-Telles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"pntd.0011363.ref008","volume-title":"Micolog\u00eda m\u00e9dica ilustrada.","author":"R. 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