{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:44:47Z","timestamp":1792633487883,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011369","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI121211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI121211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyrethroid resistance in <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> has become widespread after almost two decades of frequent applications to reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Because few insecticide classes are available for public health use, insecticide resistance management (IRM) is proposed as a strategy to retain their use. A key hypothesis of IRM assumes that negative fitness is associated with resistance, and when insecticides are removed from use, susceptibility is restored. In Tapachula, Mexico, pyrethroids (PYRs) were used exclusively by dengue control programs for 15 years, thereby contributing to selection for high PYR resistance in mosquitoes and failure in dengue control. In 2013, PYRs were replaced by organophosphates\u2014insecticides from a class with a different mode of action. To test the hypothesis that PYR resistance is reversed in the absence of PYRs, we monitored <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti\u2019s<\/jats:italic> PYR resistance from 2016 to 2021 in Tapachula. We observed significant declining rates in the lethal concentration 50 (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>), for permethrin and deltamethrin. For each month following the discontinuation of PYR use by vector control programs, we observed increases in the odds of mosquitoes dying by 1.5% and 8.4% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Also, knockdown-resistance mutations (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) in the voltage-gated sodium channel explained the variation in the permethrin LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s, whereas variation in the deltamethrin LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s was only explained by time. This trend was rapidly offset by application of a mixture of neonicotinoid and PYRs by vector control programs. Our results suggest that IRM strategies can be used to reverse PYR resistance in <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>; however, long-term commitment by operational and community programs will be required for success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T20:12:26Z","timestamp":1704226346000},"page":"e0011369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pyrethroid susceptibility reversal in Aedes aegypti: A longitudinal study in Tapachula, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Penilla-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Solis-Santoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Lopez-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Americo D.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Vera-Maloof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Contreras-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geovanni","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Samayoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Torreblanca-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushika","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Black IV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-3327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karla","family":"Saavedra-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011369.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005625","article-title":"Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans.","volume":"11","author":"CL Moyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011369.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03367-9","article-title":"Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management.","volume":"11","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0011369.ref003","first-page":"11","volume":"2","author":"R McCaffery A","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011369.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007615","article-title":"Management of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses: Advances and challenges.","volume":"13","author":"I Dusfour","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011369.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780120513","article-title":"Possible Methods of Inhibiting or Reversing the Evolution of Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitos","volume":"12","author":"CF Curtis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pestic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011369.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300014346","article-title":"Theoretical-Models of the Use of Insecticide Mixtures for the Management of Resistance.","volume":"75","author":"CF Curtis","year":"1985","journal-title":"B Entomol Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011369.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980410","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and vector control","volume":"4","author":"WG Brogdon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011369.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9063(199711)51:3<375::AID-PS636>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Resistance management strategies in malaria vector mosquito control. 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Prevencion y control de enfermedades transmitidas por vector. [NOM-032-SSA-2\u20132002 for epidemiological monitoring. Prevention and control of vector-transmitted diseases]. DOF, Mexico. 2011."},{"key":"pntd.0011369.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4236\/ae.2022.101006","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Regular Ovitrap vs an Innovated Larvitrap for Aedes Entomological Surveillance in Tapachula.","volume":"10","author":"WE Quezada-Yaguachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Entomology."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011369.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009746","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: Spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use.","volume":"15","author":"F Solis-Santoyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011369.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2987\/11-6192.1","article-title":"QCal: a software application for the calculation of dose-response curves in insecticide resistance bioassays","volume":"28","author":"S Lozano-Fuentes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0011369.ref034","volume-title":"The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors: A Methods Manual","author":"WC Black IV","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011369.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929526011","article-title":"T, N B, D S. 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