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Among the main tools for studying the distribution of vector species, modeling techniques are used to analyze the influence of climatic and environmental factors on the distribution of these insects and their association with human cases of the disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we used a multiscale ecological niche modeling approach to assess the environmental suitability of sandfly vectors of the etiological agents of Visceral (VL) and American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Piau\u00ed state, northeastern Brazil, and then evaluated their relationship with human disease incidence. For this, we obtained the geographic coordinates of the vector species\n                      <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Nyssomyia whitmani<\/jats:italic>\n                      through literature review, online databases and unpublished records. These data were used for the development of predictive models of the distribution of both sandflies species based on climatic and environmental variables. Finally, the environmental suitability for the presence of these vectors was compared with the incidence of both the diseases at the municipality level. The final models for each sandfly species showed good predictive powers with performance metric values of 0.889 for\n                      <jats:italic>Lu<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 0.776 for\n                      <jats:italic>Ny<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>whitmani<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The areas with greater environmental suitability for the presence of these species were concentrated in the central-north region of Piau\u00ed and coincide with the location of those municipalities presenting higher incidences of VL and ACL, situated in the central-north and extreme north of the state, respectively. The south and southeast regions of Piau\u00ed state have low incidence of these diseases and presented low environmental suitability for the presence of both vectors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We discuss how predictive modeling can guide entomological and epidemiological surveillances and recommend an increased supervision and control activities in Teresina (capital of the state of Piaui), Altos and Pedro II, in addition to other municipalities with similar social and environmental characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T13:29:17Z","timestamp":1685971757000},"page":"e0011388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between the potential distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani and leishmaniasis incidence in Piau\u00ed State, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raimundo Leoberto Torres","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais de","family":"Araujo-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anangela Ravena da Silva","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone Mousinho","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleanto Luiz Maia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacenir Reis dos Santos","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio Luiz","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Alc\u00e2ntara","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9gis","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0788-7030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Constan\u00e7a","family":"Britto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela de","family":"Pita Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-5770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno Moreira de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011388.ref001","unstructured":"WHO\u2014World Health Organization. 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