{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:32:14Z","timestamp":1792287134304,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011399","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000}}],"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2022YFC3103000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022YFC3103000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 31970445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 31970445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 19ZR1469600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 19ZR1469600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dengue fever is an infectious disease that is imported into Shanghai, China and requires prevention and control measures. Controlling the vector\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      through insecticide use is a key approach to dengue control. However, the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      has raised concerns about the failure of dengue control efforts. Knockdown resistance (\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) caused by point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (\n                      <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene is a primary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. In this study, we investigated the\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Shanghai and evaluated the trend in its evolution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 17 populations of\n                      <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      from 15 districts in Shanghai in 2020, extracted genomic DNA from individual mosquitoes, and amplified Domain II, III, and IV in\n                      <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                      using PCR. Following sequencing, we obtained 658\n                      <jats:italic>VGSC<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences. We detected the nonsynonymous mutations V1016G, I1532T, and F1534S\/C\/I, among which V1016G and F1534C\/I were reported in Shanghai for the first time and F1534I was a novel mutant allele in\n                      <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The overall mutation frequency was 84.65%, with individual mutation frequencies ranging from 46.81% to 100%, excluding the Fengxian District population, which had a frequency of 0%. The V1016G and I1532T mutation types accounted for 7.14% and 3.42%, respectively. The mutant allele at codon 1534 accounted for 63.98% of all mutations, including TCC\/S (62.77%), TGC\/C (1.06%), and ATC\/I (0.15%). We identified and classified five intron types in Domain III by length, including A (83 bp, 12.07%), B (68 bp, 87.30%), C (80 bp, 0.16%), D (72 bp, 0.16%), and E (70 bp, 0.31%). Individuals with intron B had a significant mutation tendency at codon 1534 relative to intron A (chi-square test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). We found no correlation between mutation frequency and the amount of pyrethroid used (Pearson correlation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.4755).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In recent years,\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations in the\n                      <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population in Shanghai have rapidly evolved, as evidenced by an increase in mutation types and significantly increased mutation frequency. The F1534I\/ATC mutant allele was found to be a novel mutation, F1534C\/TGC was reported for the first time in Shanghai, and intron B in Domain III was significantly associated with mutation frequency at codon 1534. Continuous monitoring of resistance changes and strict regulation of insecticide use are required.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T14:24:26Z","timestamp":1685715866000},"page":"e0011399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["High frequency of Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) suggest rapid insecticide resistance evolution in Shanghai, 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