{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:49:53Z","timestamp":1792399793813,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This paper summarises the lessons learnt in dengue epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention in Singapore over the last half a century, during which Singapore evolved from a city of 1.9 million people to a highly urban globalised city-state with a population of 5.6 million. Set in a tropical climate, urbanisation among green foliage has created ideal conditions for the proliferation of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the mosquito vectors that transmit dengue. A vector control programme, largely for malaria, was initiated as early as 1921, but it was only in 1966 that the Vector Control Unit (VCU) was established to additionally tackle dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) that was first documented in the 1960s. Centred on source reduction and public education, and based on research into the bionomics and ecology of the vectors, the programme successfully reduced the\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    House Index (HI) from 48% in 1966 to &lt;5% in the 1970s. Further enhancement of the programme, including through legislation, suppressed the\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    HI to around 1% from the 1990s. The current programme is characterised by 4 key features:\n                    <jats:bold>(i)<\/jats:bold>\n                    proactive inter-epidemic surveillance and control that is stepped up during outbreaks;\n                    <jats:bold>(ii)<\/jats:bold>\n                    risk-based prevention and intervention strategies based on advanced data analytics;\n                    <jats:bold>(iii)<\/jats:bold>\n                    coordinated inter-sectoral cooperation between the public, private, and people sectors; and\n                    <jats:bold>(iv)<\/jats:bold>\n                    evidence-based adoption of new tools and strategies. Dengue seroprevalence and force of infection (FOI) among residents have substantially and continuously declined over the 5 decades. This is consistent with the observation that dengue incidence has been delayed to adulthood, with severity highest among the elderly. Paradoxically, the number of reported dengue cases and outbreaks has increased since the 1990s with record-breaking epidemics. We propose that Singapore\u2019s increased vulnerability to outbreaks is due to low levels of immunity in the population, constant introduction of new viral variants, expanding urban centres, and increasing human density. The growing magnitude of reported outbreaks could also be attributed to improved diagnostics and surveillance, which at least partially explains the discord between rising trend in cases and the continuous reduction in dengue seroprevalence. Changing global and local landscapes, including climate change, increasing urbanisation and global physical connectivity are expected to make dengue control even more challenging. The adoption of new vector surveillance and control tools, such as the Gravitrap and\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    technology, is important to impede the growing threat of dengue and other\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    -borne diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T21:22:10Z","timestamp":1687468930000},"page":"e0011400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Singapore\u2019s 5 decades of dengue prevention and control\u2014Implications for global dengue control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soon Hoe","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue Tao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hapuarachchige Chanditha","family":"Hapuarachchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhen","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee Ching","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011400.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091006","article-title":"Dengue Virus Surveillance for Early Warning","volume":"16","author":"KS Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.10.012","article-title":"Dengue virus surveillance in Singapore reveals high viral diversity through multiple introductions and in situ evolution","volume":"12","author":"KS Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3281-y","article-title":"A novel entomological index, Aedes aegypti Breeding Percentage, reveals the geographical spread of the dengue vector in Singapore and serves as a spatial risk indicator for dengue","volume":"12","author":"J Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30249-9","article-title":"Outbreak of Zika virus infection in Singapore: an epidemiological, entomological, virological, and clinical analysis","volume":"17","author":"ZJM Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref005","first-page":"417","article-title":"Transient transmission of Chikungunya virus in Singapore exemplifies successful mitigation of severe epidemics in a vulnerable population","volume":"110","author":"HC Hapuarachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081486","article-title":"Entomologic and virologic investigation of Chikungunya","volume":"15","author":"LC Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singapore Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref007","author":"EN Saltoon","year":"1959"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref008","first-page":"24","article-title":"Observations on dengue fever in Singapore.","volume":"1","author":"F. More","year":"1904","journal-title":"J Malaya Branch Br Med Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pntd.0011400.ref009","first-page":"81","article-title":"Recent epidemics of haemorrhagic fever in Singapore","volume":"20","author":"YC Chan","year":"1967","journal-title":"Jpn J Med Sci Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref010","first-page":"227","article-title":"Dengue-type viruses isolated in Singapore","volume":"30","author":"KA Lim","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0819","article-title":"Dengue in Singapore from 2004 to 2016: Cyclical Epidemic Patterns Dominated by Serotypes 1 and 2.","volume":"99","author":"J Rajarethinam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1606-z","article-title":"Epidemic resurgence of dengue fever in Singapore in 2013\u20132014: A virological and entomological perspective","volume":"16","author":"HC Hapuarachchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz110","article-title":"Force of Infection and True Infection Rate of Dengue in Singapore: Implications for Dengue Control and Management","volume":"188","author":"LK Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011400.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.040170","article-title":"Reconstructing historical changes in the force of infection of dengue fever in Singapore: implications for surveillance and control","volume":"86","author":"JR Egger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0671","article-title":"Dengue seroprevalence of healthy adults in Singapore: serosurvey among blood donors, 2009","volume":"93","author":"SL Low","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011400.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006618","article-title":"Dengue infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"P Ganeshkumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3496-9","article-title":"Rural-urban comparisons of dengue seroprevalence in Malaysia","volume":"16","author":"CH Chew","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0180560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180560","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to dengue and chikungunya viruses in Thailand.","volume":"12","author":"S Vongpunsawad","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011400.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003906","article-title":"The Hidden Burden of Dengue and Chikungunya in Chennai, India","volume":"9","author":"I Rodr\u00edguez-Barraquer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051210","article-title":"Dengue Prevention and 35 Years of Vector Control in Singapore","volume":"12","author":"EE Ooi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0150","article-title":"High Rates of Inapparent Dengue in Older Adults in Singapore","volume":"88","author":"G Yap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011400.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007389","article-title":"A 15-year review of dengue hospitalizations in Singapore: Reducing admissions without adverse consequences, 2003 to 2017","volume":"13","author":"LW Ang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3898-5","article-title":"Using cluster analysis to reconstruct dengue exposure patterns from cross-sectional serological studies in Singapore","volume":"13","author":"S Sangkaew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011400.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004386","article-title":"Dengue Viruses Are Enhanced by Distinct Populations of Serotype Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Human Immune Sera.","volume":"10","author":"R de Alwis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.07.008","article-title":"Highly Selective Transmission Success of Dengue Virus Type 1 Lineages in a Dynamic Virus Population: An Evolutionary and Fitness Perspective","volume":"6","author":"C Koo","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0011400.ref026.1","unstructured":"Singapore Tourism Board. Tourism50 1964-2014: A journey through 50 years & beyond. Singapore Tourism Board annual report 2013\/14. [Internet]. Singapore"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0011400.ref026.2","unstructured":"[cited 2022 Jul 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.stb.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/stb\/documents\/annualreports\/STB%20Annual%20Report%2013-14.pdf."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref027","unstructured":"Department of Statistics, Singapore. Tourism [Internet] 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.singstat.gov.sg\/find-data\/search-by-theme\/industry\/tourism\/latest-data."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061100","article-title":"Lineage Replacement Associated with Fitness Gain in Mammalian Cells and Aedes aegypti: A Catalyst for Dengue Virus Type 2 Transmission","volume":"10","author":"CH Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011400.ref029","article-title":"New Dengue Virus Type 1 Genotype in Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"17","author":"H Tissera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.124","article-title":"Consecutive large dengue outbreaks in Taiwan in 2014\u20132015","volume":"5","author":"SF Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"S12","key":"pntd.0011400.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2459","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic tests: dengue","volume":"8","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011400.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761990000300012","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of dengue by an Elisa inhibition method (EIM)","volume":"85","author":"RJ Fernandez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011400.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01258-06","article-title":"Cost-Effective Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) To Screen for Dengue Virus followed by Rapid Single-Tube Multiplex RT-PCR for Serotyping of the Virus","volume":"45","author":"YL Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011400.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0176","article-title":"Evaluation of nonstructural 1 antigen assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of dengue in Singapore","volume":"10","author":"KY Pok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis Larchmt N"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-147","article-title":"Measuring underreporting and under-ascertainment in infectious disease datasets: a comparison of methods","volume":"14","author":"CL Gibbons","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011400.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh1973.16.113","article-title":"Control of Aedes vectors of dengue fever\/dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore.","volume":"16","author":"KL Chan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Jpn J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref037","first-page":"56","article-title":"An autocidal ovitrap for the control and possible eradication of Aedes aegypti","volume":"8","author":"CK Lok","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008428","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008428","article-title":"A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme","volume":"14","author":"S Sim","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref039","article-title":"Increasing dengue incidence in Singapore over the Past 40 Years: Population growth, climate and mobility.","volume":"10","author":"CJ Struchiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12187","article-title":"Effects of temperature on the life cycle, expansion, and dispersion of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in three cities in Paraiba, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"RA Marinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011400.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050972","article-title":"The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses.","volume":"7","author":"M Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009791","article-title":"Fine-scale estimation of effective reproduction numbers for dengue surveillance","volume":"18","author":"J Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011400.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068137","article-title":"An Explosive Epidemic of DENV-3 in Cairns, Australia.","volume":"8","author":"SA Ritchie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2808-6","article-title":"Effects of desiccation stress on adult female longevity in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): results of a systematic review and pooled survival analysis","volume":"11","author":"CA Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref045","first-page":"775","article-title":"The effects of maximum ambient temperature and heatwaves on dengue infections in the tropical city-state of Singapore\u2013A time series analysis","author":"A Seah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref046","unstructured":"Government Technology Agency, Singapore. Data.gov.sg [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 9]. Available from: https:\/\/data.gov.sg."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13084","article-title":"Urban climate versus global climate change-what makes the difference for dengue?: Climate, dengue, and urban heat islands","volume":"1382","author":"R Misslin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110043","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperature and precipitation on the risk of dengue fever: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011400.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004842","article-title":"A Sequence of Flushing and Drying of Breeding Habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) Prior to the Low Dengue Season in Singapore","volume":"10","author":"OME Seidahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref050","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Singapore. Indicators on Population [Internet]. Singstat Table Builder. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 19]. Available from: https:\/\/tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg\/table\/TS\/M810001."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref051","article-title":"Singapore: Subdivision [Internet].","author":"T. Brinkhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"City Population"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011400.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2011-S05","article-title":"Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21(st) Century.","volume":"39","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3311-6","article-title":"Construction sites as an important driver of dengue transmission: implications for disease control","volume":"18","author":"S Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04554-9","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of the main dengue vector populations in Singapore","volume":"14","author":"H Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011400.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa619","article-title":"Increased Dengue Transmissions in Singapore Attributable to SARS-CoV-2 Social Distancing Measures","volume":"223","author":"JT Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011400.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa228","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa228","article-title":"Decreased dengue transmission in migrant worker populations in Singapore attributable to SARS-CoV-2 quarantine measures","volume":"28","author":"JT Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011400.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00025-1","article-title":"Measuring the effects of COVID-19-related disruption on dengue transmission in southeast Asia and Latin America: a statistical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011400.ref058","first-page":"617","article-title":"Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City. 1. Distribution and density.","volume":"44","author":"YC Chan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008528","article-title":"Gravitrap deployment for adult Aedes aegypti surveillance and its impact on dengue cases","volume":"14","author":"J Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011400.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509981","article-title":"Three-Month Real-Time Dengue Forecast Models: An Early Warning System for Outbreak Alerts and Policy Decision Support in Singapore","volume":"124","author":"Y Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref061","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global Vector Control Response 2017\u20132030 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241512978."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref062","first-page":"70","article-title":"Legislation for Control of Dengue in Singapore","volume":"25","author":"SB Chua","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dengue Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007492","article-title":"The effectiveness of inspections on reported mosquito larval habitats in households: A case-control study","volume":"13","author":"J Aik","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref064","volume-title":"In: Molecular Virology and Control of Flaviviruses.","author":"LC Ng","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011400.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0329","article-title":"Gravitraps for Management of Dengue Clusters in Singapore","volume":"88","author":"C Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref066","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Surveillance and Epidemiology Programme [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/corporate-functions\/resources\/research\/surveillance-and-epidemiology-programme."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1108-5","article-title":"Neighbourhood level real-time forecasting of dengue cases in tropical urban Singapore","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011400.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006587","article-title":"Mapping dengue risk in Singapore using Random Forest.","volume":"12","author":"J Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref069","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Code of Practice for Environmental Control Officers for Specified Construction Sites. 4th Edition. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/corporate-functions\/resources\/practices-and-guidelines\/guidelines\/practices."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref070","article-title":"Keep Singapore Clean And Mosquito-Free\u2019 Campaign 1969: Chua Sian Chin Inaugurating National Campaign Committee And At Opening Ceremony.","author":"SC Chua","year":"1969","journal-title":"[National Archives of Singapore] [Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref071","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Stop Dengue Now [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/dengue-zika\/stop-dengue-now."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref072","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Dengue Community Alert System [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/dengue-zika\/dengue\/dengue-community-alert-system."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref073","unstructured":"National Climate Change Secretariat Singapore. App Solutions for the Environment [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Mar 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nccs.gov.sg\/media\/press-release\/app-solutions-for-the-environment."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref074","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Wolbachia-Aedes Mosquito Suppression Strategy [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/corporate-functions\/resources\/research\/wolbachia-aedes-mosquito-suppression-strategy."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref075","unstructured":"The Project Wolbachia\u2013Singapore Consortium, Ng LC. Wolbachia-mediated sterility suppresses Aedes aegypti populations in the urban tropics [Internet]. medRxiv; 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 8]. Available from: http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2021.06.16.21257922."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11380-w","article-title":"Public sentiments towards the use of Wolbachia-Aedes technology in Singapore","volume":"21","author":"C Liew","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0011400.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11997","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211997","article-title":"A Household-Based Survey to Understand Factors Influencing Awareness, Attitudes and Knowledge towards Wolbachia-Aedes Technology.","volume":"18","author":"LT Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref078","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Phase 5 Field Study [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/corporate-functions\/resources\/research\/wolbachia-aedes-mosquito-suppression-strategy\/phase-5-field-study."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011400.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000024","article-title":"Economic impact of dengue in Singapore from 2010 to 2020 and the cost-effectiveness of Wolbachia interventions.","volume":"1","author":"S Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06976-5","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Singapore: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"J Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref081","unstructured":"National Environment Agency Singapore. Why Wolbachia-Aedes suppression technology? [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nea.gov.sg\/corporate-functions\/resources\/research\/wolbachia-aedes-mosquito-suppression-strategy\/why-wolbachia-aedes-suppression-technology."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref082","first-page":"vead016","article-title":"Genome evolution of dengue virus serotype 1 under selection by Wolbachia pipientis in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","author":"D Thi Hue Kien","year":"2023","journal-title":"us Evol."},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref083","article-title":"Smart mosquito traps to go on trial at the end of this year: NEA. Today","author":"L. Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet]"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref084","unstructured":"Government Technology Agency, Singapore. Drones that keep Singapore going [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.tech.gov.sg\/media\/technews\/drones-that-keep-singapore-going."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011400.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011075","article-title":"Features of the urban environment associated with Aedes aegypti abundance in high-rise public apartments in Singapore: An environmental case-control study","volume":"17","author":"SA Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92783-y","article-title":"Evolution, heterogeneity and global dispersal of cosmopolitan genotype of Dengue virus type 2","volume":"11","author":"SP Yenamandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4942-y","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of the Kaohsiung city strategy for dengue fever quarantine and epidemic prevention","volume":"20","author":"CY Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-55","article-title":"Reemergence of dengue virus type-3 (subtype-III) in India: Implications for increased incidence of DHF & DSS","volume":"3","author":"PK Dash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8947067","article-title":"Interrelationship between Climatic, Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and Their Implications for Zika Response.","volume":"2017","author":"A Matysiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"38","key":"pntd.0011400.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504964112","article-title":"Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan","volume":"112","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011400.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.017954-0","article-title":"Evolution, dispersal and replacement of American genotype dengue type 2 viruses in India (1956\u20132005): selection pressure and molecular clock analyses","volume":"91","author":"SRP Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0011400.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030243","article-title":"Efficacy of Wolbachia-Infected Mosquito Deployments for the Control of Dengue","volume":"384","author":"A Utarini","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011400.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009979","article-title":"Short-term and long-term epidemiological impacts of sustained vector control in various dengue endemic settings: A modelling study","volume":"18","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011400.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.002","article-title":"Using Wolbachia for Dengue Control: Insights from Modelling","volume":"34","author":"I Dorigatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011400.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30494-8","article-title":"Deliberations of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization on the use of CYD-TDV dengue vaccine","volume":"19","author":"A Wilder-Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref096","first-page":"457","article-title":"Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper","volume":"36","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec. September"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref097","first-page":"ciab864","article-title":"Three-year Efficacy and Safety of Takeda\u2019s Dengue Vaccine Candidate (TAK-003).","author":"L Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7881","key":"pntd.0011400.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03990-6","article-title":"A pan-serotype dengue virus inhibitor targeting the NS3\u2013NS4B interaction.","volume":"598","author":"SJF Kaptein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112304","article-title":"Targets and strategies for vaccine development against dengue viruses","volume":"144","author":"WH Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1665","key":"pntd.0011400.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140135","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0135","article-title":"Climate change influences on global distributions of dengue and chikungunya virus vectors.","volume":"370","author":"LP Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011400.ref101","article-title":"World Migration Report 2015\u2014Urbanization, Rural\u2013urban Migration and Urban Poverty [Internet].","author":"C Tacoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOM\u2019s Global Migration Data Analysis Centre"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011400.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.189688","article-title":"Improving the built environment in urban areas to control Aedes aegypti -borne diseases","volume":"95","author":"SW Lindsay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011400.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009631","article-title":"The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit\u2014A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"A Kolimenakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011400","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T21:23:49Z","timestamp":1687469029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011400"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Duane J.","family":"Gubler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011400","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}}}