{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:34:39Z","timestamp":1740148479749,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondation compagnie fruiti\u00e8re"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic tropical cutaneous ulcers remain a neglected medical condition in West Africa, particularly Buruli ulcer, which is caused by mycolactone cytotoxin-secreting <jats:italic>Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ulcerans<\/jats:italic>). Medical management of this highly debilitating and necrotising skin infection may be modified by colonisation and co-infection of the ulcer by opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms, which considerably delays and increases the cost of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principal finding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We diagnosed chronic tropical cutaneous ulcers in nine patients in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire using <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ulcerans<\/jats:italic>-specific PCRs and culturomics. This revealed <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ulcerans<\/jats:italic> in 7\/9 ulcer swabs and 5\/9 control swabs as well as an additional 122 bacterial species, 32 of which were specific to ulcers, 61 specifics to the controls, and 29 which were shared, adding 40 bacterial species to those previously reported. Whole genome sequencing of four <jats:italic>Bordetella trematum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trematum<\/jats:italic>) isolates in four Buruli ulcer swabs and no controls indicated cytolethal distending toxins, as confirmed by cytotoxic assay.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In four cases of Buruli ulcer in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trematum<\/jats:italic> was a co-pathogen which was resistant to rifampicin and clarithromycin, unmatching <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ulcerans<\/jats:italic> antibiotic susceptibility profile and counteracting the current treatment of Buruli ulcer in West Africa and Australia. Thus, we report here chronic mixed <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ulcerans<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trematum<\/jats:italic> chronic tropical ulcer as a specific form of Buruli ulcer in West Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T18:22:07Z","timestamp":1701973327000},"page":"e0011413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mycobacterium ulcerans-Bordetella trematum chronic tropical cutaneous ulcer: A four-case series, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bi Gor\u00e9 Oscar","family":"Tchan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Kakou-Ngazoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylveste","family":"Dizoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nassim","family":"Hammoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghiles","family":"Grine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Ruimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0768-1139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michel","family":"Drancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011413.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010608","article-title":"Skin wounds in a rural setting of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Population-based assessment of the burden and clinical epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"S Toppino","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011413.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040120","article-title":"Integrated Management of Skin NTDs-Lessons Learned from Existing Practice and Field Research","volume":"3","author":"RR Yotsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref003","first-page":"e00045","article-title":"Buruli Ulcer, a Prototype for Ecosystem-Related Infection, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"31","author":"D Zingue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011413.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020485","article-title":"Histopathologic features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection","volume":"9","author":"J Guarner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011413.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002191","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections of Buruli ulcer lesions before and after chemotherapy with streptomycin and rifampicin","volume":"7","author":"D Yeboah-Manu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011413.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181994","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181994","article-title":"Bacterial diversity in Buruli ulcer skin lesions: Challenges in the clinical microbiome analysis of a skin disease","volume":"12","author":"C Van Leuvenhaege","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002010","article-title":"Towards rational use of antibiotics for suspected secondary infections in Buruli ulcer patients","volume":"7","author":"YT Barogui","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011413.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008228","article-title":"Tracing Mycobacterium ulcerans along an alimentary chain in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: A one health perspective","volume":"14","author":"N Hammoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref009","first-page":"16","article-title":"R\u00e9percussions socio-\u00e9conomiques de l\u2019ulc\u00e8re de Buruli en C\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire. Exemple de la r\u00e9gion du b\u00e9lier et du district autonome de Yamoussoukro","volume":"2","author":"B Coulibaly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revue de G\u00e9ographie Tropicale et d\u2019Environnement"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0011413.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02971-06","article-title":"Development and application of two multiplex real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical and environmental samples","volume":"73","author":"JA Fyfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83236-7","article-title":"Investigation of skin microbiota reveals Mycobacterium ulcerans-Aspergillus sp. trans-kingdom communication","volume":"11","author":"N Hammoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524769","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.524769","article-title":"Proof of Concept of Culturomics Use of Time of Care","volume":"10","author":"S Naud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref013","unstructured":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie (SFM), EUCAST. Comit\u00e9 de l\u2019antibiogramme de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie: recommendations 2022, V.1.0 May. 2022. https:\/\/www.sfm-microbiologie.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/CASFM2022_V1.0.pdf."},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0011413.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty149","article-title":"NanoPack: visualizing and processing long-read sequencing data","volume":"34","author":"W De Coster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0011413.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref016","unstructured":"Wick RR. Porechop: an adapter trimmer for Oxford Nanopore reads. 2018. https:\/\/github.com\/rrwick\/Porechop."},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref017","unstructured":"Wick RR. Filtlong: quality filtering tool for long reads. 2021. GitHub\u2014rrwick\/Filtlong: quality filtering tool for long reads."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011413.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","article-title":"Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads","volume":"13","author":"RR Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0011413.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv383","article-title":"Bandage: interactive visualization of de novo genome assemblies","volume":"31","author":"RR Wick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01821.x","article-title":"FaBox: an online toolbox for fasta sequences","volume":"7","author":"P. Villesen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Notes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011413.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"A Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9173-0_14","article-title":"BUSCO: Assessing Genome Assembly and Annotation Completeness","volume":"1962","author":"M Seppey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011413.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963","article-title":"Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement","volume":"9","author":"BJ Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0011413.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"T. Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"pntd.0011413.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D325","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki008","article-title":"VFDB: a reference database for bacterial virulence factors","volume":"33","author":"L Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011413.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-13","article-title":"The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"57","author":"AG McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"volume-title":"The Mengo Hospital notes for the year 1897","year":"1897","author":"A. Cook","key":"pntd.0011413.ref027"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700600111","article-title":"A new mycobacterial infection in man; clinical aspects","volume":"60","author":"P. MacCullum","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011413.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0404-2016","article-title":"Secondary bacterial isolates from previously untreated Buruli ulcer lesions and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Southern Nigeria","volume":"49","author":"MC Anyim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0665-z","article-title":"One step closer to understanding the role of bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers: characterising the microbiome of ulcers","volume":"16","author":"K Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011413.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-849","article-title":"Bordetella trematum sp. nov., isolated from wounds and ear infections in humans, and reassessment of Alcaligenes denitrificans R\u00fcger and Tan 1983","volume":"46","author":"P Vandamme","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011413.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01310.x","article-title":"Isolation of Bordetella trematum from a diabetic leg ulcer","volume":"21","author":"F Daxboeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref033","first-page":"72","article-title":"Bordetella trematum como agente colonizador en \u00falcera de pie diab\u00e9tico","volume":"26","author":"M Hern\u00e1ndez-Porto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011413.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0717-y","article-title":"Bordetella trematum in chronic ulcers: report on two cases and review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"M Almagro-Molto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.08.025","article-title":"Detection of Bordetella trematum in a diabetic patient with a skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"89","author":"S Benthien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011413.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080966","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Clinical Bordetella trematum Isolates from Chronic Wounds","volume":"10","author":"C Buechler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02896-1","article-title":"Erysipelas of the right arm due to Bordetella trematum: a case report","volume":"15","author":"M Lacasse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.05.019","article-title":"Bordetella trematum sepsis with shock in a diabetic patient with rapidly developing soft tissue infection","volume":"86","author":"LL Majewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011413.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4046-8","article-title":"Bordetella trematum infection: case report and review of previous cases","volume":"19","author":"TR Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011413.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.000029","article-title":"Isolation of Bordetella species from unusual infection sites","volume":"2","author":"M Almuzara","year":"2015","journal-title":"JMM Case Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011413.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.12.008","article-title":"A case of Bordetella trematum and Kerstersia gyiorum infections in a patient with congestive dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"D Kitagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011413.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410601023557","article-title":"The contribution of cytolethal distending toxin to bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"32","author":"JL Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.02.009","article-title":"The cytolethal distending toxin of Haemophilus ducreyi aggravates dermal lesions in a rabbit model of chancroid","volume":"7","author":"C Wising","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231685","article-title":"Screening anti-infectious molecules against Mycobacterium ulcerans: A step towards decontaminating environmental specimens","volume":"15","author":"N Hammoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011413.ref045","first-page":"612","article-title":"Isolement de Bordetella trematum au d\u00e9cours d\u2019une bact\u00e9ri\u00e9mie","volume":"72","author":"I Halim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00175-07","article-title":"Promising Clinical Efficacy of Streptomycin-Rifampin Combination for Treatment of Buruli ulcer","volume":"51","author":"A Chauty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002739","article-title":"Long Term Streptomycin Toxicity in the Treatment of Buruli Ulcer: Follow-up of Participants in the BURULICO Drug Trial","volume":"8","author":"S Klis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011413.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.10.1231","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic features of tropical ulcer","volume":"40","author":"B Adriaans","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"pntd.0011413.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011009","article-title":"Two Streptococcus pyogenes emm types and several anaerobic bacterial species are associated with idiopathic cutaneous ulcers in children after community-based mass treatment with azithromycin","volume":"16","author":"B Griesenauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T18:22:34Z","timestamp":1701973354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011413"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roderick","family":"Hay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011413","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-2735"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]}}}