{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1790449209347,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NextGenerationEU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"The world-famous markets of Marrakech, also known in Arabic as souks, harbor a vast diversity of reptiles that are sold for medicinal\/magic\/pet purposes or used for snake charming. This unique epidemiological context has never been studied considering the interactions of humans, reptiles, and zoonotic pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the parasites and pathogens present in blood and feces associated with handled reptiles in the markets of Marrakech to assess the risk of zoonotic transmission within the reptile-human interface. Privately owned reptiles (n<\/jats:italic> = 118), coming from vendors or snake charmers, were examined and blood and feces sampled. DNA was extracted and molecular screening (cPCR, nPCR, qPCR, dqPCR) was performed aiming to identify potentially zoonotic pathogens (i.e., Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\/Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> spp., Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, Babesia\/Theileria<\/jats:italic> spp., Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., Giardia<\/jats:italic> spp., Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp., Cestoda). Overall, 28.9% (34\/118) of reptiles were positive for at least one pathogen. In blood, Anaplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. were detected in four snakes, with two Montpellier snakes positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>, while Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp. were detected in one Mediterranean chameleon and four puff adders. Leishmania tarentolae<\/jats:italic> was molecularly detected in a Mediterranean chameleon and a Montpellier snake. In feces, the cox<\/jats:italic>1 gene generated a myriad of sequences for nematodes, cestodes, fungi and bacteria. Importantly, Proteus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> was identified from a Mediterranean chameleon. Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. nPCR yielded a positive sample (i.e., Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> sp. apodemus genotype I) from a Moroccan worm lizard, as well as for bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> in an Egyptian cobra, and Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic> from a puff adder. Results from this study demonstrated the risk of zoonotic transmission of microorganisms and parasites present in blood and feces from reptiles that are brought to the souks in Marrakech, Morocco, to be sold for medicinal purposes or used for snake charming, being in direct and straight contact with humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T17:35:12Z","timestamp":1689788112000},"page":"e0011431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Snakes and Souks: Zoonotic pathogens associated to reptiles in the Marrakech markets, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Noll Louzada-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouha","family":"Lekouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Intissar","family":"Khouchfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Annoscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Beugnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011431.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-019-00729-w","article-title":"Fostering of a wild, injured, juvenile by a neighboring group: implications for rehabilitation and release of Barbary macaques confiscated from illegal trade","volume":"60","author":"LAD Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"pntd.0011431.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-2-4","article-title":"Ethno-diversity within current ethno-pharmacology as part of Israeli traditional medicine\u2014a review","volume":"2","author":"E. 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