{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:36:04Z","timestamp":1790138164552,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011438","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000}}],"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia Long Term Research Grant Scheme","award":["LRGS 1\/2018\/UM\/01\/1\/3."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRGS 1\/2018\/UM\/01\/1\/3."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium cynomolgi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium inui<\/jats:italic>\n                      adds another level of complexity in malaria elimination in this region. Unfortunately, data on vectors which are responsible for transmitting this zoonotic disease is very limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . All the captured\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cynomolgi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>inui<\/jats:italic>\n                      , found in high prevalence in the\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      from the\n                      <jats:italic>Anophele<\/jats:italic>\n                      s mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are undergoing population expansion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>inui<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cynomolgi<\/jats:italic>\n                      to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>knowlesi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T14:20:20Z","timestamp":1688048420000},"page":"e0011438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nantha Kumar","family":"Jeyaprakasam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van Lun","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandthya","family":"Pramasivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Wee Kent","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Yusoff","family":"Wan-Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-7996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Indra","family":"Vythilingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011438.ref001","volume-title":"Global malaria report 2020.","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0011438.ref002","article-title":"Progress towards 0. 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