{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:17:12Z","timestamp":1780658232001,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet their epidemiology and burden are not well addressed. While deaths probably exceed 1.5 million per year, many cases remain undiagnosed and underreported. Estimating the burden of these diseases is needed for prioritization and implementation of effective control programs. Here we used a model based on population at risk to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Sudan. The prevalence of the susceptible population including HIV, TB, cancer, asthma, and COPD was obtained from the literature. Incidence and prevalence of fungal infections were calculated using local data when applicable and if not available then regional or international figures were used. In total, the estimated number of Sudanese suffering from fungal disease is 5 M (10% of the total population). Tinea capitis, recurrent vulvovaginitis and keratitis are estimated to affect 4,127,760, 631,261, and 6,552 patients, respectively. HIV-related mycosis is estimated to affect 5,945 oral candidiasis, 1,921 esophageal candidiasis, 571 <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia, and 462 cryptococcal meningitis cases. <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> infections are estimated as follow: 3,438 invasive aspergillosis, 14,950 chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, 67,860 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis cases, while the prevalence of severe asthma with fungal sensitization and fungal rhinosinusitis was 86,860 and 93,600 cases, respectively. The neglected tropical disease eumycetoma was estimated to affect 16,837 cases with a rate of 36\/100,000. Serious fungal infections are quite common in Sudan and require urgent attention to improve diagnosis, promote treatment, and develop surveillance programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T17:38:51Z","timestamp":1693589931000},"page":"e0011464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fungal infections in Sudan: An underestimated health problem"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-8113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawahib","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Albirair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelsalam Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Nail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253073","article-title":"Burden of disease among the world\u2019s poorest billion people: An expert-informed secondary analysis of Global Burden of Disease estimates","volume":"16","author":"MM Coates","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO methods and data sources for country-level causes of death 2000\u20132019 2020 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/gho-documents\/global-health-estimates\/ghe2019_cod_methods.pdf."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78665-0_66","article-title":"The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Development of Africa.","author":"A. Boutayeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","article-title":"HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"AB Kharsany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.107","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2020\u2014Reflections on the Global TB burden, treatment and prevention efforts","volume":"1131","author":"J Chakaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011464.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832be0fc","article-title":"High ongoing burden of cryptococcal disease in Africa despite antiretroviral roll out","volume":"23","author":"JN Jarvis","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i4.9","article-title":"Opportunistic fungal infections in persons living with advanced HIV disease in Lagos, Nigeria; a 12-year retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"R Oladele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref009","unstructured":"Global Action for Fungal Infections. GAFFI Roadmap [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/gaffi.org\/roadmap\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref010","article-title":"Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision","volume":"3","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007964","article-title":"Fungal diseases as neglected pathogens: A wake-up call to public health officials","volume":"14","author":"ML Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref012","volume-title":"Atlas of Clinical Fungi.","author":"GJ de Hoog GS","year":"2020","edition":"4"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref013","unstructured":"Global Action for Fungal Infections. Country Fungal Disease Burden [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/gaffi.org\/media\/country-fungal-disease-burdens."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref014","article-title":"The Burden of Fungal Infections in Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"TB Tufa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13474","article-title":"Current situation of fungal diseases in Eritrea","volume":"65","author":"S Werkneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref016","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sudan."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003679","article-title":"Mycetoma in the Sudan: an update from the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"9","author":"A Fahal","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004244","article-title":"Mycetoma: A Long Journey from Neglect","volume":"10","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref019","unstructured":"The World Factbook\u2014CIA [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/sudan\/."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref020","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. 2022 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/MostUsed\/."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref021","unstructured":"The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Sudan Fact Sheet. 2021 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/sudan."},{"issue":"1709","key":"pntd.0011464.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0468","article-title":"Minimizing fungal disease deaths will allow the UNAIDS target of reducing annual AIDS deaths below 500 000 by 2020 to be realized","volume":"371","author":"DW Denning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref023","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report 2020 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240013131."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-204","article-title":"Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey","volume":"12","author":"T To","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06759-9","article-title":"Management of chronic lung diseases in Sudan and Tanzania: how ready are the country health systems?","volume":"21","author":"U Egere","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref026","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Global Cancer Observatory. 2020 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/data\/factsheets\/populations\/729-sudan-fact-sheets.pdf."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref027","unstructured":"Union for International Cancer Control. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. 2014 Review of Cancer Medicines on the WHO List of Essential Medicines. [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/silo.tips\/download\/acute-myelogenous-leukemia-including-acute-promyelocytic-leukemia."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref028","unstructured":"International Registry in Organ Donation and Transplantation (IRODaT) [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.irodat.org\/."},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref029","unstructured":"The World Bank [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/SD."},{"issue":"10219","key":"pntd.0011464.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32974-5","article-title":"Rebuilding Sudan\u2019s health system: opportunities and challenges","volume":"395","author":"G Wharton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref031","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Region Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(12)70012-4","article-title":"Distribution of COPD-related symptoms in the Middle East and North Africa: results of the BREATHE study","volume":"106","author":"MA Tageldin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5578\/tt.3414","article-title":"A cross sectional observational study on the influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on activities of daily living: the COPD-Life study","volume":"60","author":"M Polatli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tuberk Toraks"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027119","article-title":"Trends and patterns of opportunistic diseases in Danish AIDS patients 1980\u20131990","volume":"22","author":"E Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0011464.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309260-00012","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of major opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract in persons with AIDS: Europe, 1993\u20132000","volume":"17","author":"D Serraino","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref036","first-page":"20499361211008675","article-title":"Histoplasmosis overlapping with HIV and tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and research priorities","volume":"8","author":"MPN Kuate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90178-2","article-title":"A case of African histoplasmosis from Sudan","volume":"82","author":"SA Gumaa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref038","first-page":"904","article-title":"Addison\u2019s disease due to Histoplasma duboisii infection of the adrenal glands","volume":"29","author":"HM Mudawi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011464.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03548.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends in invasive aspergillosis in France: the SAIF network (2005\u20132007)","volume":"17","author":"O Lortholary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.01.002","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pulmonary invasive fungal infection among adult patients with hematological malignancy in a medical centre in Taiwan, 2008\u20132013","volume":"53","author":"CY Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011464.ref041","article-title":"Quantifying Deaths from Aspergillosis in HIV Positive People","volume":"8","author":"DW Denning","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008742","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: An emerging public health concern","volume":"16","author":"F. Bongomin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.11.005","article-title":"New estimation of the prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) related to pulmonary TB\u2014a revised burden for India","volume":"6","author":"DW Denning","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011464.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441","article-title":"Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"DW Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref045","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma Symptoms in Adult Sudanese Using a Modified ISAAC","volume":"5","author":"MA Musa O","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Science and Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01325.x","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 13- to 14-year-old children in Africa: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase III","volume":"62","author":"N Ait-Khaled","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0362","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease in adult outpatients in three African countries: a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"AB Binegdie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.738312","article-title":"Global burden of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with asthma and its complication chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in adults","volume":"51","author":"DW Denning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref049","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis in Sudanese children: First report of 35 cases","volume":"14","author":"SA Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sudan J Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02109.x","article-title":"Aspergillus hypersensitivity in asthmatics in Cape Town","volume":"10","author":"SR Benatar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011464.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1047","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis in patients with asthma: period prevalence at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"95","author":"AF Al-Mobeireek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011464.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab023","article-title":"Fungal asthma among Ugandan adult asthmatics","volume":"59","author":"R Kwizera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-018-01182-w","article-title":"Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Unravelling the Disease Spectrum","volume":"18","author":"V. Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6815-12-13","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its associated co-morbidities at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania; A prospective review of 190 cases","volume":"12","author":"SA Said","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.765","article-title":"Further observations on the primary paranasal aspergillus granuloma in the Sudan: a morphological study of 46 cases","volume":"22","author":"B Veress","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref056","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinical features of Fungal Rhinosinusitis in Sudan. A study of 440 cases","author":"SAO Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PAN Arab Journal of Rhinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref057","first-page":"1085","article-title":". Fungal Sinusitis: Sudanese Experience.","volume":"3","author":"ES Mahgoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Austin J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011464.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03360.x","article-title":"AmarCand study g. A multicentre study of antifungal strategies and outcome of Candida spp. peritonitis in intensive-care units","volume":"17","author":"P Montravers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011464.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac037","article-title":"Prevalence, antifungal susceptibility and etiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"60","author":"MF Mushi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/2000-1967-179","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among women in a suburban Sudanese community","volume":"105","author":"SK Kafi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref061","volume":"4","author":"HM Nemery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Vaginal Candidiasis in Sudanese Pregnant Women African Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3197","article-title":"Vaginal infections among pregnant women at Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"8","author":"ZA Abdelaziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctrie"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011464.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"DW Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.15.2.126","article-title":"Subcutaneous phycomycetosis.","volume":"15","author":"JB Lynch","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8056-5","article-title":"Rhinofacial Conidiobolus coronatus infection presenting with nasal enlargement.","volume":"36","author":"N Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721149","article-title":"Challenging Presentations of Seven Cases of Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis in Sudan: Clinical Features, Histology, Imaging, and Recommendations","volume":"12","author":"SA Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Lab Physicians"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref067","volume":"6","author":"MA Taha S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis Mimicking Colon Cancer in a Sudanese Patient"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.11.001","article-title":"An estimation of burden of serious fungal infections in France.","volume":"26","author":"JP Gangneux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011464.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003271","article-title":"A new model for management of mycetoma in the Sudan","volume":"8","author":"A Fahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90004-9","article-title":"Mycetoma in the Sudan","volume":"50","author":"P. Abbott","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011464.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010795","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010795","article-title":"Estimating the burden of mycetoma in Sudan for the period 1991\u20132018 using a model-based geostatistical approach.","volume":"16","author":"R Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90020-2","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Sudan","volume":"72","author":"SA Gumaa","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(68)90167-3","article-title":"Ringworm infection among Sudanese school children","volume":"62","author":"ES Mahgoub","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.15406\/jbmoa.2021.09.00303","article-title":"Prevalence of tinea capitis among school age children in eastern Sudan","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed MAI Ahmed ASAA","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13221","article-title":"Estimation of the burden of tinea capitis among children in Africa","volume":"64","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011464.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2929-4","article-title":"Serious fungal infections in Egypt","volume":"36","author":"SM Zaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03503.x","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case control study from China","volume":"18","author":"H Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00110.x","article-title":"Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV-infected adult Tanzanians","volume":"6","author":"MI Matee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011464.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a3967","article-title":"AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994\u20132007: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"K Buchacz","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x","article-title":"Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide","volume":"51","author":"B Havlickova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref081","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tinea Capitis: Frequency and Clinical Manifestations among Children in Khartoum Dermatological Hospital, Sudan","volume":"10","author":"OS Magzoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Merit Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13196","article-title":"British Association of Dermatologists\u2019 guidelines for the management of tinea capitis 2014","volume":"171","author":"LC Fuller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref083","article-title":"Diagnostic capacity for cutaneous fungal diseases in the african continent","author":"AS Badiane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011464.ref084","article-title":"The Case for Fungal Keratitis to Be Accepted as a Neglected Tropical Disease","volume":"8","author":"L Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.595041","article-title":"Microbial keratitis in East Africa: why are the outcomes so poor?","volume":"18","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011464.ref086","first-page":"186","article-title":"The incidence of fungal keratitis in Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt and the value of direct microscopy and PCR technique in rapid diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"RM EL Shabrawy","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/1858-6538.169304","article-title":"Pattern of eye diseases at tertiary eye hospital in Sudan (Makah Eye Hospital, Khartoum)","volume":"3","author":"KA lakho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Albasar Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref088","first-page":"597","article-title":"Natamycin in the treatment of fungal keratitis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"S Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref089","unstructured":"Global Action For Fungal Infections. Antifungal Drug Maps [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/gaffi.org\/antifungal-drug-maps\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101140","article-title":"The challenge of access to refined fungal diagnosis: An investment case for low- and middle-income countries","volume":"31","author":"E Orefuwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-018-0154-0","article-title":"Conflict and tuberculosis in Sudan: a 10-year review of the National Tuberculosis Programme, 2004\u20132014","volume":"12","author":"SA Hassanain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.27.1.33","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus flavus","volume":"27","author":"ES Mahgoub","year":"1972","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.47723\/kcmj.v17i3.430","article-title":". Frequency of Pulmonary Aspergillosis Among Clinically Suspected and Under Treatment Tuberculosis Patients, Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"17","author":"AA Baraka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al-Kindy College Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011464.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0053","article-title":"Diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis is much easier than it used to be: a new diagnostic landscape","volume":"25","author":"DW Denning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref095","article-title":"P346 Pulmonary fungal infection in Sudan, a retrospective study from the Mycology Reference Laboratory","volume":"60","author":"M Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011464.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-020-00353-8","article-title":"The role of antifungals in the management of patients with severe asthma","volume":"10","author":"WG Rapeport","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical and Translational Allergy"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011464.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13339","article-title":"Serious fungal diseases in Democratic Republic of Congo\u2014Incidence and prevalence estimates","volume":"64","author":"GK Kamwiziku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011464.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.25259\/JPATS_22_2020","article-title":"Factors associated with uncontrolled asthma among Sudanese adult patients","volume":"2","author":"AK Osman R","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pan Afr Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011464.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2011.00027","article-title":"The impact of asthma and COPD in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"20","author":"F van Gemert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06449-4","article-title":"Taskforce report on the diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"47","author":"PE Verweij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref101","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action 2022 [cited 2023 01-03-2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240060241."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011464.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15591","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis, 2021","volume":"51","author":"AP Douglas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011464.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa024","article-title":"Diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A review of current methods and novel approaches","volume":"58","author":"M Bateman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011464.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2811.220542","article-title":"Prevalence of Histoplasmosis among Persons with Advanced HIV Disease, Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"RO Oladele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011464.ref105","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Diseases in Africa: A Critical Literature Review","volume":"8","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"pntd.0011464.ref106","article-title":"First Detection of Emergent Fungal Pathogen Candida auris in Khartoum State, Sudan","author":"AM Badri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci & Res"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T17:47:00Z","timestamp":1694713620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011464","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}}}