{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:42:46Z","timestamp":1791045766052,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011468","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-026705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-026705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid fever\u2013an acute febrile disease caused by infection with the bacterium <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serotype Typhi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi)\u2014continues to be a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries with limited access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Environmental surveillance, the process of detecting and enumerating disease-causing agents in wastewater, is a useful tool to monitor the circulation of typhoid fever in endemic regions. The design of environmental surveillance sampling plans and the interpretation of sampling results is complicated by a high degree of uncertainty and variability in factors that affect the final measured pathogens in wastewater samples, such as pathogen travel time through a wastewater network, pathogen dilution, decay and degradation, and laboratory processing methods. Computational models can, to an extent, assist in the design of sampling plans and aid in the evaluation of how different contributing factors affect sampling results. This study presents a computational model combining dynamic and probabilistic modeling techniques to estimate\u2013on a spatial and temporal scale\u2013the approximate probability of detecting <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi within a wastewater system. This model may be utilized to inform environmental surveillance sampling plans and may provide useful insight into selecting appropriate sampling locations and times and interpreting results. A simulated applied modeling scenario is presented to demonstrate the model\u2019s functionality for aiding an environmental surveillance study in a typhoid-endemic community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T17:37:56Z","timestamp":1711733876000},"page":"e0011468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a computational model to inform environmental surveillance sampling plans for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Burnor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory W.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffry H.","family":"Shirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolette A.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-9042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Scott","family":"Meschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011468.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004212","article-title":"Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in an Urban Slum.","volume":"9","author":"A Akullian","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0011468.ref002","article-title":"Changing characteristics of typhoid fever in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"CP Su","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0011468.ref003","author":"M Antill\u00f3","year":"2017","journal-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011468.ref004","first-page":"43","volume":"100","author":"S Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evaluating PCR-Based Detection of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in the Environment as an Enteric Fever Surveillance Tool"},{"key":"pntd.0011468.ref005","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Vaccine","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0011468.ref006","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comparison table of WHO prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) [Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011468.ref007","article-title":"Typhoid Fever Surveillance, Incidence Estimates, and Progress Toward Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Introduction\u2014Worldwide, 2018\u20132022.","volume":"72","author":"M Hancuh","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 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