{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:26:04Z","timestamp":1790925964611,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011472","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Foundation of Science","award":["I3-B-6522-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I3-B-6522-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI001018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI001018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH, African Academy of Sciences (AAS) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["African Postdoctoral Training Initiative"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["African Postdoctoral Training Initiative"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Natural interspecific hybridization between the human parasite (<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> [Sh]) and bovine parasites (<jats:italic>Schistosoma bovis<\/jats:italic> [Sb], <jats:italic>Schistosoma curassoni<\/jats:italic> [Sc]) is increasingly reported in Africa. We developed a multi-locus PCR DNA-Seq strategy that amplifies two unlinked nuclear (trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic>) and two linked organellar genome markers (<jats:italic>CO1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ND5<\/jats:italic>) to genotype <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs collected from infected people in Ile Oluji\/Oke Igbo, Ondo State (an agrarian community) and Kachi, Jigawa State (a pastoral community) in Southwestern and Northern Nigeria, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Out of a total of 219 urine samples collected, 57 were positive for schistosomes. All patients from Jigawa state possessed an <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial genome and were infected with a genetic profile consistent with an <jats:italic>Sh x Sb<\/jats:italic> hybrid based on sequences obtained at <jats:italic>CO1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ND5<\/jats:italic>, trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic> nuclear markers. Whereas samples collected from Ondo state were more varied. Mitonuclear discordance was observed in all 17 patients, worms possessed an <jats:italic>Sb<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial genome but one of four different genetic profiles at the nuclear markers, either admixed (heterozygous between <jats:italic>Sh x Sc<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Sh x Sb<\/jats:italic>) at both markers (n = 10), <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic> at <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic> and admixed at trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Sh x Sc<\/jats:italic>) (n = 5), admixed (<jats:italic>Sh x Sc<\/jats:italic>) at <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic> and homozygous <jats:italic>Sc<\/jats:italic> at trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic> (n = 1) or homozygous <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic> at <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic> and homozygous <jats:italic>Sc<\/jats:italic> at trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic> (n = 1).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Previous work suggested that zoonotic transmission of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> in pastoral communities, where humans and animals share a common water source, is a driving factor facilitating interspecific hybridization. However, our data showed that all samples were hybrids, with greater diversity identified in Southwestern Nigeria, a non-pastoral site. Further, one patient possessed an <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> mitochondrial genome but was homozygous for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> at <jats:italic>BF<\/jats:italic> and homozygous for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>curassoni<\/jats:italic> at trans<jats:italic>ITS<\/jats:italic> supporting at least two separate backcrosses in its origin, suggesting that interspecific hybridization may be an ongoing process.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T17:26:56Z","timestamp":1713202016000},"page":"e0011472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Extant interspecific hybridization among trematodes within the Schistosoma haematobium species complex in 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