{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:08:22Z","timestamp":1767179302679,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011503","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000}}],"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007870","name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Epileptologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Center of Infectious Disease"},{"name":"BMBF","award":["01KA1611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA1611"]}]},{"name":"BMBF","award":["01KA2027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA2027"]}]},{"name":"BMBF","award":["01KA2113A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KA2113A"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390873048"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["398967434 \u2013 TRR 261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398967434 \u2013 TRR 261"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previous studies have described the association of onchocerciasis (caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) with epilepsy, including nodding syndrome, although a clear etiological link is still missing. Cases are found in different African countries (Tanzania, South Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic and Cameroon). In our study we investigated immunological parameters (cytokine, chemokine, immunoglobulin levels) in individuals from the Mahenge area, Tanzania, presenting with either epilepsy or nodding syndrome with or without\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and compared them to\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    negative individuals from the same endemic area lacking neurological disorders. Additionally, cell differentiation was performed using blood smears and systemic levels of neurodegeneration markers, leiomodin-1 and N-acetyltyramine-O, \u03b2-glucuronide (NATOG) were determined. Our findings revealed that cytokines, most chemokines and neurodegeneration markers were comparable between both groups presenting with epilepsy or nodding syndrome. However, we observed elevated eosinophil percentages within the\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive epilepsy\/nodding syndrome patients accompanied with increased eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and antigen-specific IgG levels in comparison to those without an\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Furthermore, highest levels of NATOG were found in\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive nodding syndrome patients. These findings highlight that the detection of distinct biomarkers might be useful for a differential diagnosis of epilepsy and nodding syndrome in\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    endemic areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial-registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03653975\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT03653975<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T13:51:15Z","timestamp":1691070675000},"page":"e0011503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epilepsy and nodding syndrome in association with an Onchocerca volvulus infection drive distinct immune profile patterns"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-4861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathrin","family":"Arndts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josua","family":"Kegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain S.","family":"Massarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"L\u00e4mmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"D\u00f6rmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Peisker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Menche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazen","family":"Al-Bahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Prazeres da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Schmutzhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Matuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Layland-Heni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011503.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105677","article-title":"Onchocerciasis 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