{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T22:24:28Z","timestamp":1787437468723,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Intestinal schistosomiasis is hyperendemic in many sub-Saharan African countries. In Uganda, it is endemic at both Lake Albert (LA) and Lake Victoria (LV) and caused by\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    that uses\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    snails as obligatory intermediate snail hosts. To shed light on local patterns of infection, we utilised two PCR-based methods to detect\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    within\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. as collected at the Ugandan shorelines of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria from 2009\u20132010. Overall, at our Lake Albert sites, the mean infection prevalence was 12.5% (15 of 120 snails), while at our Lake Victoria sites the prevalence was 5% (3 of 60 snails). At our Lake Albert sites, the highest infection prevalence of 13.3% (8 of 60 snails) was at Walukuba, while at our Lake Victoria sites, the highest infection prevalence of 10% (2 of 20 snails) was at Lwanika. Three species of\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>stanleyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were identified at our Lake Albert collection sites, while only a single species,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was identified at our Lake Victoria collection sites.\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria stanleyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2 of 20 snails; 15%) had the highest infection prevalence, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5 of 60 snails; 13.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4 of 40 snails; 10%) and\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3 of 60 snails; 5%). Of the\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species identified,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    had the highest haplotype (gene) diversity score, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>stanleyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sites with a higher mean prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection had higher intra-species haplotype diversity scores than sites with a lower mean prevalence. The wet seasons (LA: 13.3%; LV: 8.7%) had a consistently higher mean infection prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    than the dry seasons (LA: 9.5%; LV: 5%) for all species and all sites tested at both Lake Albert (n = 480) and Lake Victoria (n = 320), though the difference was not statistically significant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T13:21:10Z","timestamp":1692019270000},"page":"e0011506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Seasonal patterns of Schistosoma mansoni infection within Biomphalaria snails at the Ugandan shorelines of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Andrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-9694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref001","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Mansoni infection in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011506.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162798","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths distribution in Benin: a baseline prevalence survey in 30 districts","volume":"11","author":"PM Boko","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622809","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.622809","article-title":"Rethinking the top-down approach to schistosomiasis control and elimination in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"9","author":"A Onasanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011506.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite immunology"},{"issue":"48","key":"pntd.0011506.ref005","first-page":"585","article-title":"Soil transmitted helminthiases: progress report, 2020","volume":"96","author":"WHO Schistosomiasis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec."},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-274","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania.","volume":"5","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011506.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007617","article-title":"The prevalence of schistosomiasis in Uganda: A nationally representative population estimate to inform control programs and water and sanitation interventions.","volume":"13","author":"NG Exum","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011506.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0488","article-title":"Community knowledge, attitudes and practices on schistosomiasis in western Kenya-the SCORE Project","volume":"90","author":"RM Musuva","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848161511_0002","article-title":"The schistosomes and their intermediate hosts","author":"RF Sturrock","year":"2001","journal-title":"In Schistosomiasis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-006-0224-y","article-title":"Ecology of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert, Western Uganda: snail distributions, infection with schistosomes and temporal associations with environmental dynamics","volume":"568","author":"F Kazibwe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2010.02.003","article-title":"Treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan preschool children: best diagnosis, treatment efficacy and side-effects, and an extended praziquantel dosing pole.","volume":"2","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref014","volume-title":"Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance","author":"DS Brown","year":"2002"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref015","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Environmental epidemiology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Uganda: population dynamics of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with observations on natural infections with digenetic trematodes","author":"C Rowel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed research international."},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2307\/3285768","article-title":"How much human helminthiasis is there in the world","author":"DW Crompton","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref017","author":"DT Jamison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disease control priorities in developing countries"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007703","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends","volume":"123","author":"JA Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref019","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in snail intermediate hosts in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"T Hailegebriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of tropical medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref020","first-page":"155","article-title":"Transmission of bilharziasis: 2. Production of cercariae","volume":"33","author":"G. Webbe","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.02.014","article-title":"Compatibility of Ugandan Schistosoma mansoni isolates with Biomphalaria snail species from Lake Albert and Lake Victoria","volume":"128","author":"M Adriko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.10.004","article-title":"Transmission studies of intestinal schistosomiasis in Lake Albert, Uganda and experimental compatibility of local Biomphalaria spp","volume":"59","author":"F Kazibwe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology international"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011506.ref023","first-page":"556","article-title":"Effect Of Seasonal Rainfall And Other Environmental Changes, On Snail Density And Infection Rates With Schistosoma mansoni Fifteen Years After The Last Snails\\\u2019Study In Kigungu, Entebbe, Uganda","volume":"85","author":"EI Odongo-Aginya","year":"2008","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2307\/3284400","article-title":"PCR amplification of the mitochondrial DNA minisatellite region to detect Schistosoma mansoni infection in Biomphalaria glabrata snails","volume":"83","author":"K Jannotti-Passos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011506.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.872","article-title":"A polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting snails infected with bilharzia parasites (Schistosoma mansoni) from very early prepatency","volume":"59","author":"J Hamburger","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011506.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"T Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011506.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006000898","article-title":"A new PCR-based approach for the specific amplification of DNA from different Schistosoma species applicable to human urine samples","volume":"133","author":"N Sandoval","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0764","article-title":"Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification: identification of infected snails from early prepatency","volume":"83","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0208","article-title":"Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification suitable for molecular monitoring of schistosome-infected snails in field laboratories","volume":"88","author":"J Hamburger","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relative compatibility of Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria sudanica and B. pfeifferi from Kenya as assessed by PCR amplification of the S. mansoni ND5 gene in conjunction with traditional methods. Parasites &","volume":"9","author":"L Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref031","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Use of molecular methods for the rapid mass detection of Schistosoma mansoni (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) in Biomphalaria spp.(Gastropoda: Planorbidae).","author":"RL Caldeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of tropical medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007715","article-title":"Genetic structure in natural populations of flukes and snails: a practical approach and review","volume":"123","author":"P Jarne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04463.x","article-title":"Low genetic diversity in a snail intermediate host (Biomphalaria pfeifferi Krass, 1848) and schistosomiasis transmission in the Senegal River Basin","volume":"19","author":"G Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(75)90109-5","article-title":"Seasonal influence on the production of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni cercariae in Rhodesia","volume":"5","author":"CJ Shiff","year":"1975","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008125","article-title":"Seasonality in the transmission of schistosomiasis and in populations of its snail intermediate hosts in and around a sugar irrigation scheme at Richard Toll","volume":"123","author":"RF Sturrock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Senegal. Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and geography of Schistosoma mansoni in Uganda: implications for planning control.","volume":"9","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-110","article-title":"Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda.","volume":"8","author":"R John","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC infectious Diseases."},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0011506.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602251113","article-title":"Hydrology and density feedbacks control the ecology of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis across habitats in seasonal climates","volume":"113","author":"J Perez-Saez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871735","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.871735","article-title":"Factors Controlling the Distribution of Intermediate Host Snails of Schistosoma in Crater Lakes in Uganda: A Machine Learning Approach.","volume":"10","author":"Z Tabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref040","unstructured":"Nile Basin Initiative. Nile basin water resources Atlas [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http:\/\/atlas.nilebasin.org\/start."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref041","first-page":"232","article-title":"Community perceptions of schistosomiasis transmission, prevalence and control in relation to aquatic habitats in the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya","volume":"91","author":"SO Adoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011506.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7050072","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the infection rates of schistosome transmitting snails in Southern Africa.","volume":"7","author":"OE Nwoko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011506.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0307","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis in mothers and young children in Uganda: investigation of field-applicable markers of bowel morbidity","volume":"83","author":"M Betson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011506.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001235","article-title":"Closing the praziquantel treatment gap: new steps in epidemiological monitoring and control of schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool-aged children","volume":"138","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref045","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Performance and safety of praziquantel for treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in infants and preschool children"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105716","article-title":"Comparing PCR techniques against conventional cercarial shedding methods for detecting Schistosoma mansoni infection in Biomphalaria snails","volume":"212","author":"E Joof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref047","first-page":"26","author":"SR Palumbi","year":"1991"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011506.ref048","first-page":"294","article-title":"Conserved primers for PCR amplification of mitochondrial DNA from different invertebrate phyla","volume":"3","author":"O Folmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1036-7_15","article-title":"Seaview version 5: a multiplatform software for multiple sequence alignment, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and tree reconciliation.","author":"M Gouy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple sequence alignment: methods and protocols"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011506.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","article-title":"Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"17","author":"J. Castresana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00330.x","article-title":"Phylogeny and biogeography of African Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), with emphasis on endemic species of the great East African lakes","volume":"151","author":"A J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/15627020.2008.11407404","article-title":"Sympatric Biomphalaria species (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert, Uganda, show homoplasies in shell morphology","volume":"43","author":"M Plam","year":"2008","journal-title":"African Zoology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0524-4","article-title":"The population genetic structure of Biomphalaria choanomphala in Lake Victoria, East Africa: implications for schistosomiasis transmission.","volume":"7","author":"CJ Standley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25463-z","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial and rDNA complex sequences of important vector species of Biomphalaria, obligatory hosts of the human-infecting blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"8","author":"SM Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Systematic biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011506.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","article-title":"DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref057","article-title":"Molecular evolutionary genetics","author":"M. Nei","year":"1987","journal-title":"Columbia university press"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011506.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2017.06.014","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the achatinoidea (mollusca: Gastropoda).","volume":"114","author":"IK Fontanilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref061","author":"SPSS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.10.003","article-title":"Environmental epidemiology of intestinal schistosomiasis and genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni infections in snails at Bugoigo village, Lake Albert.","volume":"128","author":"S Levitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref063","unstructured":"Tropical Medicine Research Centers. Uganda schistosomiasis multidisciplinary research centre (U-SMRC) [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/tmrc-network.org\/research-centers\/uganda."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1645\/20-138","article-title":"Comparative vectorial competence of Biomphalaria sudanica and Biomphalaria choanomphala, snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, from transmission hotspots in Lake Victoria, Western Kenya.","volume":"107","author":"MW Mutuku","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2252-z","article-title":"Longitudinal survey on the distribution of Biomphalaria sudanica and B. choanomophala in Mwanza region, on the shores of Lake Victoria, Tanzania: implications for schistosomiasis transmission and control.","volume":"10","author":"AN Gouvras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-243","article-title":"Estimating trematode prevalence in snail hosts using a single-step duplex PCR: how badly does cercarial shedding underestimate infection rates?.","volume":"7","author":"A Born-Torrijos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000700016","article-title":"Histopathologic features associated with susceptibility and resistance of Biomphalaria snails to infection with Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"93","author":"CM Borges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000500025","article-title":"Sequential histological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata during the course of Schistosoma mansoni infection.","volume":"96","author":"QT Lemos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.4106","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: Distribution Patterns of Miracidia amongBiomphalaria glabrataSnail as Related to Host Susceptibility and Sporocyst Regulatory Processes","volume":"85","author":"A Th\u00e9ron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.09.002","article-title":"Compatibility polymorphism in snail\/schistosome interactions: From field to theory to molecular mechanisms. Developmental &","volume":"37","author":"G Mitta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.025","article-title":"Multi-parasite host susceptibility and multi-host parasite infectivity: a new approach of the Biomphalaria glabrata\/Schistosoma mansoni compatibility polymorphism","volume":"26","author":"A Th\u00e9ron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011506.ref072","first-page":"181","article-title":"An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance","volume":"41","author":"F Frandsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105437","article-title":"Diversity of digenean trematode larvae in snails from Lake Victoria, Kenya: First reports and bioindicative aspects","volume":"206","author":"JO Outa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0011506.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.08.006","article-title":"The compatibility between Biomphalaria glabrata snails and Schistosoma mansoni: an increasingly complex puzzle.","volume":"97","author":"G Mitta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011506.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008071","article-title":"Coevolution and compatibility in the snail\u2013schistosome system","volume":"123","author":"JP Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011506.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054895","article-title":"Status Quo and Future Perspectives of Molecular and Genomic Studies on the Genus Biomphalaria\u2014The Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"24","author":"MF Au","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005299","article-title":"Are Biomphalaria snails resistant to Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"79","author":"A Theron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of helminthology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011506.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004745","article-title":"Effects of laboratory culture on compatibility between snails and schistosomes","volume":"135","author":"A Theron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2002122","article-title":"Daily emergence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium cercariae from naturally infected snails under field conditions","volume":"76","author":"CT Wolmarans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of helminthology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34122-x","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal distribution of human schistosomiasis intermediate host snails and their interactions with other freshwater snails in 7 districts of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.","volume":"13","author":"OE Nwoko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X16000353","article-title":"Trematode infections of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi from a south-east Nigerian community with emphasis on cercariae of Schistosoma","volume":"91","author":"OC Okeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of helminthology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011506.ref082","article-title":"Trematode Infections in Freshwater Snails and Seasonal Variations in Iringa and Arumeru Districts","volume":"36","author":"J. Nzalawahe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011506.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031508","article-title":"The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan.","volume":"19","author":"HA Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T13:21:51Z","timestamp":1692019311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011506"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}