{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:26:01Z","timestamp":1778048761733,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011512","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000}}],"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Academic Exchange Service","award":["57511424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57511424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tsetse-transmitted African trypanosomiasis is a debilitating and fatal disease of humans and livestock if left untreated. While knowledge of the spatial distribution patterns of tsetse is essential for the development of risk-based vector control strategies, existing distribution maps in Zambia are more than 40 years old and were based on coarse spatial resolution data. The recently developed vehicle-mounted sticky trap (VST) provides an alternative sampling device to aid in updating existing distribution maps but has not been applied outside an experimental setting and is limited to motorable tracks. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the VST for area-wide surveys of <jats:italic>Glossina morsitans<\/jats:italic> and to use the occurrence records to predict its spatial distribution in Zambia under current environmental conditions using Maxent.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two-sided all-blue VST baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol was used to survey 692 and 1020 km of transect routes in <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>centralis<\/jats:italic> Machado and <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morsitans<\/jats:italic> Westwood previously published distribution in Zambia. Maxent species distribution technique was used to predict the potential distribution of the two subspecies using current climatic and environmental data which was then compared to the historical distribution. A total of 15,602 tsetse were captured with <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morsitans<\/jats:italic> (58%) being the most abundant. <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>centralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pallidipes<\/jats:italic> Austin represented 39 and 2% of the catch respectively, and <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>brevipalpis<\/jats:italic> Newstead was also detected. The predicted potential distribution for <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>centralis<\/jats:italic> was 80,863 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> while that of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morsitans<\/jats:italic> was 70,490 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> representing a 47 and 29% reduction compared to their historical distributions, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The VST is effective for sampling <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morsitans<\/jats:italic> outside experimental settings and is recommended for use as an additional tsetse survey tool. The spatial distribution of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>morsitans<\/jats:italic> in Zambia has reduced by 101,051 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> due to temperature and land cover changes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T17:57:14Z","timestamp":1690480634000},"page":"e0011512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Spatial distribution of Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia: A vehicle-mounted sticky trap survey and Maxent species distribution model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-9515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jackson","family":"Muyobela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian W. 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