{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:52:12Z","timestamp":1790182332804,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","award":["G0A0522N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0A0522N"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","award":["1296723N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1296723N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nodding syndrome (NS) is a phenotypic presentation of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). OAE is an important public health problem in areas with high ongoing <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> transmission. OAE, including NS, is preventable by strengthening onchocerciasis elimination programs. The presence of tau in OAE postmortem brains could be the consequence of neuroinflammation directly or indirectly induced by <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>. Omics research is needed to investigate whether <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic> worms contain a neurotropic virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T17:21:55Z","timestamp":1692292915000},"page":"e0011523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The onchocerciasis hypothesis of nodding syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Hadermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Nelson","family":"Siewe Fodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011523.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006195","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Kitgum District, Uganda: association with conflict and internal displacement","volume":"4","author":"JL Landis","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011523.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010","article-title":"Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives","volume":"39","author":"A Hadermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011523.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1164","article-title":"Persons with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy and nodding seizures have a more severe form of epilepsy with more cognitive impairment and higher levels of Onchocerca volvulus infection","volume":"22","author":"G Abd-Elfarag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011523.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0628-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in northern Uganda after the implementation of onchocerciasis control measures","volume":"9","author":"N Gumisiriza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0011523.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.11.004","article-title":"High prevalence of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in villages in Maridi County, Republic of South Sudan: A community-based survey","volume":"63","author":"R Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011523.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050599","article-title":"High Prevalence of Epilepsy in an Onchocerciasis-Endemic Area in Mvolo County, South Sudan: A Door-To-Door Survey","volume":"10","author":"S Raimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011523.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200074","article-title":"Comparison of Structural Changes in Nodding Syndrome and Other Epilepsies Associated With Onchocerca volvulus.","volume":"10","author":"R Mazumder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011523.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz090","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Not Tauopathy Is a Predominant Pathological Signature of Nodding Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"A Hotterbeekx","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011523.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90433-5","article-title":"Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon","volume":"96","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011523.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000461","article-title":"Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"SD Pion","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011523.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa206","article-title":"A Second Population-Based Cohort Study in Cameroon Confirms the Temporal Relationship Between Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy.","volume":"7","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum. 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