{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:20:40Z","timestamp":1790162440485,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011578","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000}}],"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1104516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1104516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-001785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-001785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S01375X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S01375X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L019035\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L019035\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016962","name":"Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Core Funding to SACEMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Core Funding to SACEMA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The insecticide-treated baits known as Tiny Targets are one of the cheapest means of controlling riverine species of tsetse flies, the vectors of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in humans. Models of the efficacy of these targets deployed near rivers are potentially useful in planning control campaigns and highlighting the principles involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the potential of models, we produced a simple non-seasonal model of the births, deaths, mobility and aging of tsetse, and we programmed it to simulate the impact of seven years of target use against the tsetse,\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in the riverine habitats of NW Uganda. Particular attention was given to demonstrating that the model could explain three matters of interest: (i) good control can be achieved despite the degradation of targets, (ii) local elimination of tsetse is impossible if invasion sources are not tackled, and (iii) with invasion and target degradation it is difficult to detect any effect of control on the age structure of the tsetse population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its simplifications, the model can assist planning and teaching, but allowance should be made for any complications due to seasonality and management challenges associated with greater scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T14:29:15Z","timestamp":1713277755000},"page":"e0011578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelled impact of Tiny Targets on the distribution and abundance of riverine tsetse"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Glyn A.","family":"Vale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Hargrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-4030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve J.","family":"Torr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011578.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. Global Health Observatory data repository\u2014Human African Trypanosomiasis [Internet] 2023 [cited 2023 19 April 2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/human-african-trypanosomiasis."},{"key":"pntd.0011578.ref002","first-page":"196","author":"WHO","journal-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u201320302020"},{"key":"pntd.0011578.ref003","unstructured":"WHO. Global report on neglected tropical diseases 20232023."},{"key":"pntd.0011578.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2922-5","article-title":"The development of high resolution maps of tsetse abundance to guide interventions against human African trypanosomiasis in northern Uganda","volume":"11","author":"MC Stanton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011578.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010222","article-title":"Scaling up of tsetse control to eliminate Gambian sleeping sickness in northern Uganda","volume":"16","author":"A Hope","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011578.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008270","article-title":"Impact of tiny targets on Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, the primary vector of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"14","author":"I Tirados","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011578.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2307\/3962","article-title":"Study of a natural population of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead and a model of fly movement","volume":"46","author":"D. Rogers","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011578.ref008","article-title":"Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"11","author":"KS Rock","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011578.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003822","article-title":"Tsetse Control and Gambian Sleeping Sickness; Implications for Control Strategy","volume":"9","author":"I Tirados","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011578.ref010","article-title":"Costs Of Using \"Tiny Targets\" to Control Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, a Vector of Gambiense Sleeping Sickness in Arua District of Uganda","volume":"9","author":"APM Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical 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