{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:30:57Z","timestamp":1783366257641,"version":"3.54.6"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010409","name":"Children's Investment Fund Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P74693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P74693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council and Department for International Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Geshiyaro project aims to assess the feasibility of interrupting transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosome (SCH) infection in the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia through high coverage community-wide mass drug administration (MDA), in combination with improved water, sanitation, and hygiene services and behaviour change communication delivered through the existing health care infrastructure. To accurately measure treatment coverage a population census was conducted enrolling individuals with biometric fingerprinting and barcoded ID cards. This paper details the baseline census and parasitology surveys conducted before the start of any interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The census was conducted in five of the 15 Wolaita districts between October 2018 and December 2019, enrolling all consenting participants from every household. Simultaneously, a cross-sectional parasitology survey was conducted in 130 out of 361 randomly selected communities from all 15 districts, with 100 individuals across all age groups (infant to adult) per community providing stool and urine for analysis by duplicate Kato-Katz and a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) to test for <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and STH, and microhaematuria and urine filtration for <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>. Of the 130 communities, 30 were randomly selected for annual, longitudinal parasitological monitoring, with 150 randomly selected individuals from infant to adult providing two days of stool and urine samples for analysis by the same diagnostic tests per community.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total 97,919 households participated in the baseline census enrolling 466,071 individuals, with parasitological data obtained from 10,785 people. At baseline, 15.5% were infected with at least one STH species, with <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> (9.5%), followed by hookworm (7.2%) and <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic> (1.8%). Substantial heterogeneity in STH prevalence was observed between communities ranging from 0% to 61% where most infections were low intensity. <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection was the dominant schistosome infection (0.85% by Kato-Katz and 13.3% by POC-CCA trace negative and 21.5% trace positive), with few <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infections identified (2.77% haematuria positive and 0.13% positive by urine filtration).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While the national control program in Ethiopia has made good progress in reducing prevalence of STH and SCH in Wolaita since it was launched in 2015, there remain areas of persistent infection suggesting the existence of environmental or behavioural risk factors that contribute to ongoing transmission. This project aims to identify the most efficient intervention strategies to reduce community burden and reach interruption of transmission.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1697650783000},"page":"e0011589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Baseline soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infection in the Geshiyaro project, Ethiopia: A unique transmission interruption project using biometric fingerprinting for longitudinal individual analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-7493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison K.","family":"Ower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalkidan","family":"Mekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewnetu Firdawek","family":"Liyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Maddren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birhan","family":"Mengistu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ufaysa","family":"Anjulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melkie","family":"Chernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habtamu","family":"Belay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bokretsion","family":"Gidey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremew","family":"Tasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemechu","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihretab","family":"Salasibew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Tollera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref001","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1","article-title":"Human Hookworm Infection in the 21 st Century.","volume":"58","author":"S Brooker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"issue":"9521","key":"pntd.0011589.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"J Bethony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helminth control in school-age children: A guide for managers of control programmes"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.07.006","article-title":"Acquired immunity protects against helminth infection in a natural host population: long-term field and laboratory evidence","volume":"42","author":"R Tinsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30398-3","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections of children in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000\u201318: a geospatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"B Sartorius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref007","article-title":"Uniting to Combat NTDs","journal-title":"The London Declaration."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-266","article-title":"Can chemotherapy alone eliminate the transmission of soil transmitted helminths?","volume":"7","author":"JE Truscott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.06.003","article-title":"Studies of the Transmission Dynamics, Mathematical Model Development and the Control of Schistosome Parasites by Mass Drug Administration in Human Communities.","volume":"94","author":"RM Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1645","key":"pntd.0011589.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130435","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0435","article-title":"The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths","volume":"369","author":"RM Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"10185","key":"pntd.0011589.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32591-1","article-title":"Effects, equity, and cost of school-based and community-wide treatment strategies for soil-transmitted helminths in Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04411-9","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of biannual school-based and community-wide treatment on urogenital schistosomiasis in Niger.","volume":"13","author":"AE Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006166","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of interrupting the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths through mass drug administration: The DeWorm3 cluster randomized trial protocol.","volume":"12","author":"KH \u00c1sbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006758","article-title":"Predicted short and long-term impact of deworming and water, hygiene, and sanitation on transmission of soil-transmitted helminths.","volume":"12","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012396","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"346","author":"AGP Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001620","article-title":"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"11","author":"EC Strunz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3532-6","article-title":"The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps.","volume":"12","author":"S Nery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05465-7","article-title":"Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) access and prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Wolaita zone, Ethiopia.","volume":"15","author":"AE Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref020","journal-title":"Ethiopia NTD Master Plan 2021\u20132025 [Internet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3757-4","article-title":"The Geshiyaro Project: A study protocol for developing a scalable model of interventions for moving towards the interruption of the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths and schistosome infections in the Wolaita zone of Ethiopia.","volume":"12","author":"K Mekete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref022","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni.","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002431","article-title":"Meta-analysis of urine heme dipstick diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection, including low-prevalence and previously-treated populations.","volume":"7","author":"CH King","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011589.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods.","volume":"30:17","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref026","author":"A Canty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Package \u201cboot\u201d [Internet]."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref027","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health, Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011589.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003139","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of multiple Kato-Katz thick smears and a circulating cathodic antigen test for Schistosoma mansoni diagnosis pre- and post-repeated-praziquantel treatment.","volume":"8","author":"PH Lamberton","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011589.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy001","article-title":"Are We on Our Way to Achieving the 2020 Goals for Schistosomiasis Morbidity Control Using Current World Health Organization Guidelines?","volume":"66","author":"J Toor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref030","first-page":"149","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar: accuracy of urine filtration and haematuria reagent strips for diagnosing light intensity Schistosoma haematobium infections.","volume":"12","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):552. Erratum in: Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0725","article-title":"Comparison of Schistosoma mansoni Prevalence and Intensity of Infection, as Determined by the Circulating Cathodic Antigen Urine Assay or by the Kato-Katz Fecal Assay: A Systematic Review","volume":"94","author":"N Kittur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0788","article-title":"Evaluation, Validation, and Recognition of the Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen, Urine-Based Assay for Mapping Schistosoma mansoni Infections","volume":"103","author":"DG Colley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011589.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006941","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006941","article-title":"Translating preventive chemotherapy prevalence thresholds for Schistosoma mansoni from the Kato-Katz technique into the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen diagnostic test.","volume":"12","author":"O B\u00e4renbold","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006813","article-title":"Is POC-CCA a truly reliable test for schistosomiasis diagnosis in low endemic areas? The trace results controversy","volume":"12","author":"JM Peralta","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000331","article-title":"Diagnosis of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in the Era of Preventive Chemotherapy: Effect of Multiple Stool Sampling and Use of Different Diagnostic Techniques.","volume":"2","author":"S Knopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01963-9","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR and the Kato-Katz method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and assessment of cure in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"B Barda","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04197-w","article-title":"The increased sensitivity of qPCR in comparison to Kato-Katz is required for the accurate assessment of the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection in settings that have received multiple rounds of mass drug administration.","volume":"13","author":"J Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3686-2","article-title":"Heterogeneity in transmission parameters of hookworm infection within the baseline data from the TUMIKIA study in Kenya.","volume":"12","author":"JE Truscott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref039","first-page":"45","article-title":"The National Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis from Ethiopia.","volume":"55","author":"B Mengistu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011589.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04600-0","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosome infections in Ethiopia: a systematic review of progress in their control over the past 20 years.","volume":"14","author":"R Maddren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia.","volume":"13","author":"GT Leta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90372-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and population dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection in the same community","volume":"81","author":"DAP Bundy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0857-7","article-title":"Improved sensitivity of the urine CAA lateral-flow assay for diagnosing active Schistosoma infections by using larger sample volumes.","volume":"8","author":"PL Corstjens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab020","article-title":"Rethinking neglected tropical disease prevalence survey design and analysis: a geospatial paradigm","volume":"115","author":"PJ Diggle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011589.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S554","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz554","article-title":"Design and Analysis of Elimination Surveys for Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"221","author":"C Fronterre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T18:16:36Z","timestamp":1698689796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"Periago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]}}}