{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:12:19Z","timestamp":1792735939199,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011598","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000}}],"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI155361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI155361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI089672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> pre-erythrocytic (PE) vaccine research has lagged far behind efforts to develop <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> vaccines. There is a critical gap in our knowledge of PE antigen targets that can induce functionally inhibitory neutralizing antibody responses. To overcome this gap and guide the selection of potential PE vaccine candidates, we considered key characteristics such as surface exposure, essentiality to infectivity and liver stage development, expression as recombinant proteins, and functional immunogenicity. Selected <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> sporozoite antigens were <jats:underline>s<\/jats:underline>urface <jats:underline>s<\/jats:underline>porozoite <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>rotein 3 (SSP3), <jats:underline>s<\/jats:underline>porozoite microneme <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>rotein <jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>ssential for <jats:underline>c<\/jats:underline>ell <jats:underline>t<\/jats:underline>raversal (SPECT1), <jats:underline>s<\/jats:underline>porozoite surface <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>rotein <jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>ssential for liver-stage <jats:underline>d<\/jats:underline>evelopment (SPELD), and M2 domain of MAEBL. Sequence analysis revealed little variation occurred in putative B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the PE candidates. Each antigen was tested for expression as refolded recombinant proteins using an established bacterial expression platform and only SPELD failed. The successfully expressed antigens were immunogenic in vaccinated laboratory mice and were positively reactive with serum antibodies of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>-exposed residents living in an endemic region in Thailand. Vaccine immune antisera were tested for reactivity to native sporozoite proteins and for their potential vaccine efficacy using an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> inhibition of liver stage development assay in primary human hepatocytes quantified on day 6 post-infection by high content imaging analysis. The anti-PE sera produced significant inhibition of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> sporozoite invasion and liver stage development. This report provides an initial characterization of potential new PE candidates for a future <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T17:35:20Z","timestamp":1694626520000},"page":"e0011598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preliminary characterization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite antigens as pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Lata","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongsakorn","family":"Thawornpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awtum M.","family":"Brashear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendra Kumar","family":"Kolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep Annamalai","family":"Subramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patchanee","family":"Chootong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Babila","family":"Ntumngia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3707-7979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John H.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011598.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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