{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:28:15Z","timestamp":1792024095799,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011649","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000}}],"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/20\/108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/20\/108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in Europe transmitted by\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes. In Belgium, it is currently unknown which\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are competent vectors for WNV or USUV and if these mosquitoes carry\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an endosymbiotic bacterium that can block arbovirus transmission. The aims of our study were to measure the vector competence of Belgian\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes to WNV and USUV and determine if a naturally acquired\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection can influence virus transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were captured from urban and peri-urban sites in Leuven, Belgium and offered an infectious bloodmeal containing WNV lineage 2, USUV European (EU) lineage 3, or USUV African (AF) lineage 3. Blood-fed females were incubated for 14 days at 25\u00b0C after which the body, head, and saliva were collected to measure infection, dissemination, and transmission rates as well as transmission efficiency. Mosquito species were identified by qRT-PCR or Sanger sequencing, the presence of infectious virus in mosquitoes was confirmed by plaque assays, and viral genome copies were quantified by qRT-PCR.\n                      <jats:italic>Culex pipiens pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      were able to transmit WNV (4.3% transmission efficiency, n = 2\/47) but not USUV (EU lineage: n = 0\/56; AF lineage: n = 0\/37). In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>Culex modestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were able to transmit USUV (AF lineage: 20% transmission efficiency, n = 1\/5) but not WNV (n = 0\/6). We found that the presence or absence of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was species-dependent and did not associate with virus transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the first report that Belgian\n                      <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes can transmit both WNV and USUV, forewarning the risk of human transmission. More research is needed to understand the potential influence of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      on arbovirus transmission in\n                      <jats:italic>Culex modestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1695217112000},"page":"e0011649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Belgian Culex pipiens pipiens are competent vectors for West Nile virus while Culex modestus are competent vectors for Usutu virus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lander","family":"De Coninck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Sophie","family":"Devlies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Van De Wiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Lucia","family":"Rosales Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanjiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Matthijnssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-675X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leen","family":"Delang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011649.ref001","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 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Historical data by year\u2014West Nile virus seasonal surveillance n.d. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west-nile-fever\/surveillance-and-disease-data\/historical (accessed May 5, 2023)."},{"key":"pntd.0011649.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.08.007","article-title":"Ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in Europe","volume":"107","author":"L Barzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0011649.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.40.2001704","article-title":"Detection of west nile virus in a common whitethroat (curruca communis) and culex mosquitoes in the Netherlands, 2020","volume":"25","author":"RS Sikkema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pntd.0011649.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"First autochthonous human west nile virus infections in the Netherlands, July to August 2020","volume":"25","author":"DRM 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