{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:33:31Z","timestamp":1791660811559,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011689","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000}}],"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098481\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098481\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G982636\/48103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G982636\/48103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease caused by ocular infection with <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, where repeated infections and chronic inflammation can ultimately result in scarring, trichiasis and blindness. While scarring is thought to be mediated by a dysregulated immune response, the kinetics of cytokines and antimicrobial proteins in the tear film have not yet been characterised.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pooled tears from a Gambian cohort and Tanzanian cohort were semi-quantitatively screened using a Proteome Profiler Array to identify cytokines differentially regulated in disease. Based on this screen and previous literature, ten cytokines (CXCL1, IP-10, IFN-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-1RA, IL-1\u03b1 and PDGF), lysozyme and lactoferrin were assayed in the Tanzanian cohort by multiplex cytokine assay and ELISA. Finally, CXCL1, IP-10, IL-8, lysozyme and lactoferrin were longitudinally profiled in the Gambian cohort by multiplex cytokine assay and ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the Tanzanian cohort, IL-8 was significantly increased in those with clinically inapparent infection (p = 0.0086). Lysozyme, IL-10 and chemokines CXCL1 and IL-8 were increased in scarring (p = 0.016, 0.046, 0.016, and 0.037). CXCL1, IP-10, IL-8, lysozyme and lactoferrin were longitudinally profiled over the course of infection in a Gambian cohort study, with evidence of an inflammatory response both before, during and after detectable infection. CXCL1, IL-8 and IP-10 were higher in the second infection episode relative to the first (p = 0.0012, 0.044, and 0.04).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings suggest that the ocular immune system responds prior to and continues to respond after detectable <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection, possibly due to a positive feedback loop inducing immune activation. Levels of CXC chemokines in successive infection episodes were increased, which may offer an explanation as to why repeated infections are a risk factor for scarring.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T17:39:47Z","timestamp":1697823587000},"page":"e0011689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Longitudinal changes in tear cytokines and antimicrobial proteins in trachomatous disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8313-8643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amber","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkoyo","family":"Faal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athumani","family":"Ramadhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsyn","family":"Derrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Mafuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Mtuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Massae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiweda","family":"Malissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Joof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pateh","family":"Makalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansumana","family":"Sillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Harte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David CW","family":"Mabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-6318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011689.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004859","article-title":"Blinding Trachoma: Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors for Progressive Disease.","volume":"10","author":"AM Ramadhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011689.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02521.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of trachoma: Systematic review","volume":"15","author":"VH Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011689.ref003","article-title":"Trachoma: Protective and Pathogenic Ocular Immune Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"7","author":"VH Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"32","key":"pntd.0011689.ref004","article-title":"Trachoma.","volume":"8","author":"Anthony W. 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