{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:50:42Z","timestamp":1786359042055,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011693","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000}}],"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards AI007323 and GM00718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards AI007323 and GM00718"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AI148475 and AI142525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI148475 and AI142525"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007185","name":"UCLA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Eugene Cota-Robles Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Eugene Cota-Robles Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES) Foundation"},{"name":"NIH","award":["Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award AI007323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award AI007323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is a human infective parasite responsible for trichomoniasis\u2013the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection worldwide. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> resides exclusively in the urogenital tract of both men and women. In women, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> has been found colonizing the cervix and vaginal tract while in men it has been identified in the upper and lower urogenital tract and in secreted fluids such as semen, urethral discharge, urine, and prostatic fluid. Despite the over 270 million cases of trichomoniasis annually worldwide, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> continues to be a highly neglected organism and thus poorly studied. Here we have developed a male mouse model for studying <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> pathogenesis <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> by delivering parasites into the murine urogenital tract (MUT) via transurethral catheterization. Parasite burden was assessed <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> using a nanoluciferase-based gene expression assay which allowed quantification of parasites pre- and post-inoculation. Using this model and read-out approach, we show that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> can be found within MUT tissue up to 72 hrs post-inoculation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that parasites that exhibit increased parasite adherence <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> also have higher parasite burden in mice <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. These data provide evidence that parasite adherence to host cells aids in parasite persistence <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and molecular determinants found to correlate with host cell adherence <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> are applicable to infection <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Finally, we show that co-inoculation of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> extracellular vesicles (<jats:italic>Tv<\/jats:italic>EVs) and parasites results in higher parasite burden <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. These findings confirm our previous <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>-based predictions that <jats:italic>Tv<\/jats:italic>EVs assist the parasite in colonizing the host. The establishment of this pathogenesis model for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vaginalis<\/jats:italic> sets the stage for identifying and examining parasite factors that contribute to and influence infection outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T17:30:33Z","timestamp":1698082233000},"page":"e0011693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Trichomonas vaginalis adherence phenotypes and extracellular vesicles impact parasite survival in a novel in vivo model of pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Brenda M.","family":"Molgora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip 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