{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:37:39Z","timestamp":1791398259640,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1159497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1159497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102591\/Z\/13\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102591\/Z\/13\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-16-00081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-16-00081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The introduction of\n Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n (\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel strain) into\n Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n mosquitoes reduces their capacity to transmit dengue and other arboviruses. Randomised and non-randomised studies in multiple countries have shown significant reductions in dengue incidence following field releases of\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel-infected\n Ae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n . We report the public health outcomes from phased, large-scale releases of\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel-\n Ae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n mosquitoes throughout three contiguous cities in the Aburr\u00e1 Valley, Colombia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Following pilot releases in 2015\u20132016, staged city-wide\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel-\n Ae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n deployments were undertaken in the cities of Bello, Medell\u00edn and Itag\u00fc\u00ed (3.3 million people) between October 2016 and April 2022. The impact of the\n Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n intervention on dengue incidence was evaluated in two parallel studies. A quasi-experimental study using interrupted time series analysis showed notified dengue case incidence was reduced by 95% in Bello and Medell\u00edn and 97% in Itag\u00fc\u00ed, following establishment of\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel at \u226560% prevalence, compared to the pre-intervention period and after adjusting for seasonal trends. A concurrent clinic-based case-control study with a test-negative design was unable to attain the target sample size of 63 enrolled virologically-confirmed dengue (VCD) cases between May 2019 and December 2021, consistent with low dengue incidence throughout the Aburr\u00e1 Valley following\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel deployments. Nevertheless, VCD incidence was 45% lower (OR 0.55 [95% CI 0.25, 1.17]) and combined VCD\/presumptive dengue incidence was 47% lower (OR 0.53 [95% CI 0.30, 0.93]) among participants resident in\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel-treated versus untreated neighbourhoods.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n \n Stable introduction of\n w<\/jats:italic>\n Mel into local\n Ae<\/jats:italic>\n .\n aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n populations was associated with a significant and sustained reduction in dengue incidence across three Colombian cities. These results from the largest contiguous\n Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n releases to-date demonstrate the real-world effectiveness of the method across large urban populations and, alongside previously published results, support the reproducibility of this effectiveness across different ecological settings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT03631719<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:22:03Z","timestamp":1701350523000},"page":"e0011713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Reduced dengue incidence following city-wide wMel Wolbachia mosquito releases throughout three Colombian cities: Interrupted time series analysis and a prospective case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ivan Dario","family":"Velez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Tanamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Patricia","family":"Arbelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Kutcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovany","family":"Barajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Camila","family":"Mejia Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Almanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Santacruz-Sanmartin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-4221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jai A.","family":"Denton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Jewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Dufault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron P.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-5826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8","article-title":"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue","volume":"4","author":"JP Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007213","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213","article-title":"Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change","volume":"13","author":"SJ Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00026-8","article-title":"The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"16","author":"JD Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Inf Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv094","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease and the economic cost attributable to chikungunya, Colombia, 2014","volume":"109","author":"JA Cardona-Ospina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604037","article-title":"Zika Virus Disease in Colombia\u2014Preliminary Report","volume":"383","author":"O Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.021","article-title":"Wolbachia blocks currently circulating Zika virus isolates in Brazilian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"19","author":"HL Dutra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.057422-0","article-title":"Understanding the Wolbachia-mediated inhibition of arboviruses in mosquitoes: progress and challenges","volume":"95","author":"SM Rainey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10355","article-title":"The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations","volume":"476","author":"T Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61989","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61989","article-title":"Symbiont-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility: What have we learned in 50 years?","volume":"9","author":"JD Shropshire","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10356","article-title":"Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission","volume":"476","author":"AA Hoffmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref011","article-title":"Establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland, Australia","author":"PA Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref012","article-title":"Scaled deployment of Wolbachia to protect the community from dengue and other Aedes transmitted arboviruses","author":"SL O\u2019Neill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13122.1","article-title":"Reduced dengue incidence following deployments of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a quasi-experimental trial using controlled interrupted time series analysis","volume":"4","author":"C Indriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030243","article-title":"Efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments for the control of dengue","volume":"384","author":"A Utarini","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89409-8","article-title":"Reduced competence to arboviruses following the sustainable invasion of Wolbachia into native Aedes aegypti from Southeastern Brazil","volume":"11","author":"JSM Gesto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711107","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.711107","article-title":"Large-scale deployment and establishment of Wolbachia into the Aedes aegypti population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"JSM Gesto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009556","article-title":"Effectiveness of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments in reducing the incidence of dengue and other Aedes-borne diseases in Niter\u00f3i, Brazil: A quasi-experimental study","volume":"15","author":"SB Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13153.1","article-title":"How to engage communities on a large scale? Lessons from World Mosquito Program in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]","volume":"4","author":"GB Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref019","article-title":"Estimating the effect of the wMel release programme on the incidence of dengue and chikungunya in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a spatiotemporal modelling study","author":"G Ribeiro Dos Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organisation Vector Cobntrol Advisory Group. Thirteenth meeting of the WHO Vector Control Advisory Group. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240021792"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. 2016 [cited 25 Oct 2022]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2016-who-statement-on-the-first-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr-2005)-emergency-committee-on-zika-virus-and-observed-increase-in-neurological-disorders-and-neonatal-malformations"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.19858.2","article-title":"The impact of city-wide deployment of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes on arboviral disease incidence in Medellin and Bello, Colombia: study protocol for an interrupted time-series analysis and a test-negative design study","volume":"8","author":"ID Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011713.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0011642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011642","article-title":"Large-scale releases and establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout the cities of Bello, Medellin and Itagui, Colombia","volume":"17","author":"ID Velez","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref024","unstructured":"DANE Colombia. Proyecciones de poblaci\u00f3n a nivel municipal, periodo 2018\u20132035. 2023 [cited 22 Feb 2023]. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/estadisticas-por-tema\/demografia-y-poblacion\/proyecciones-de-poblacion"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref025","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia. Estad\u00edsticas de Vigilancia Rutinaria. [cited 15 Dec 2022]. http:\/\/portalsivigila.ins.gov.co\/Paginas\/Vigilancia-Rutinaria.aspx"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud Colombia. Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semanal. 2023 [cited 31 Jul 2023]. https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Paginas\/Vista-Boletin-Epidemilogico.aspx","DOI":"10.33610\/23576189.2023.31"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x","article-title":"A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data","volume":"56","author":"RL Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002311","article-title":"Analytical and clinical performance of the CDC real time RT-PCR assay for detection and typing of dengue virus","volume":"7","author":"GA Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref029","unstructured":"WMP-Colombia. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03631719: Impact of Wolbachia Deployment on Arboviral Disease Incidence in Medellin and Bello, Colombia. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. 31 Mar 2022 [cited 23 Oct 2022]. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03631719"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.37.20585","article-title":"The test-negative design: validity, accuracy and precision of vaccine efficacy estimates compared to the gold standard of randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"G De Serres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113439","article-title":"On the need for the rare disease assumption in case-control studies","volume":"116","author":"S Greenland","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Epi"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279ra37","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010370","article-title":"Modeling the impact on virus transmission of Wolbachia-mediated blocking of dengue virus infection of Aedes aegypti","volume":"7","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.002","article-title":"Using Wolbachia for dengue control: insights from modelling","volume":"34","author":"I Dorigatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref034","article-title":"wMel Wolbachia genome remains stable after 7 years in Australian Aedes aegypti field populations","volume":"7","author":"KR Dainty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010256","article-title":"A decade of stability for wMel Wolbachia in natural Aedes aegypti populations","volume":"18","author":"PA Ross","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040156","article-title":"Dengue infections in Colombia: epidemiological trends of a hyperendemic country","volume":"5","author":"H Gutierrez-Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref037","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Launch of the Global Arbovirus Initiative. 2022 [cited 25 Oct 2022]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/events\/detail\/2022\/03\/31\/default-calendar\/global-arbovirus-initiative"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref038","unstructured":"World Mosquito Program\u2014Cali. [cited 25 Oct 2022]. https:\/\/www.worldmosquitoprogram.org\/en\/global-progress\/colombia\/cali"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref039","article-title":"Economic evaluation of Wolbachia deployment in Colombia","author":"DS Shepard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Science Reports"},{"key":"pntd.0011713.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01638-2","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of controlling dengue in Indonesia using wMel Wolbachia released at scale: a modelling study","volume":"18","author":"OJ Brady","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:22:24Z","timestamp":1701350544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011713"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elvina","family":"Viennet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}}}