{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:08:05Z","timestamp":1790633285687,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nepal, Bangladesh, and India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2005 to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem from the Indian subcontinent by 2015. By 2021, the number of reported VL cases in these countries had declined by over 95% compared to 2007. This dramatic success was achieved through an elimination programme that implemented early case detection and effective treatment, vector control, disease surveillance, community participation, and operational research that underpinned these strategies. The experience offered an opportunity to assess the contribution of implementation research (IR) to VL elimination in Nepal. Desk review and a stakeholder workshop was conducted to analyse the relationship between key research outputs, major strategic decisions in the national VL elimination programme, and annual number of reported new cases over time between 2005 and 2023. The results indicated that the key decisions across the strategic elements, throughout the course of the elimination programme (such as on the most appropriate tools for diganostics and treatment, and on best strategies for case finding and vector management), were IR informed. IR itself responded dynamically to changes that resulted from interventions, addressing new questions that emerged from the field. Close collaboration between researchers, programme managers, and implementers in priority setting, design, conduct, and review of studies facilitated uptake of evidence into policy and programmatic activities. VL case numbers in Nepal are now reduced by 90% compared to 2005. Although direct attribution of disease decline to research outputs is difficult to establish, the Nepal experience demonstrates that IR can be a critical enabler for disease elimination. The lessons can potentially inform IR strategies in other countries with diseases targeted for elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T18:20:56Z","timestamp":1699554056000},"page":"e0011714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of the impact of implementation research on the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination efforts in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anand Ballabh","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-6127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megha Raj","family":"Banjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachi","family":"Chuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011714.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.03.008","article-title":"Natural infection of Phlebotomus argentipes with Leishmania and other trypanosomatids in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of Nepal","volume":"103","author":"NR Bhattarai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1180775","article-title":"Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent.","volume":"110","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011714.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.5.902","article-title":"Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify host-feeding preferences of Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.","volume":"47","author":"I Burniston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-196","article-title":"Report of the post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) consortium meeting, New Delhi, India, 27\u201329 June 2012.","volume":"6","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref005","article-title":"Epidemiological information on disease burden due to kala-azar in Bangladesh, India and Nepal: report of an informal consultation, Paro, Bhutan, 8\u201310 March 2011 (No.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","journal-title":"SEA-CD-236). WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref006","first-page":"111","author":"Springer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: Facing the challenge of eliminating kala-azar from South Asia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011714.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011714.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004896","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent\u2013a systematic literature review.","volume":"10","author":"S Hirve","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0279","article-title":"Elimination of kala-azar from the Southeast Asia region","volume":"96","author":"SK Bhattacharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46283-9","article-title":"A multicentric evaluation of dipstick test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil Ethiopia and Spain.","volume":"9","author":"SA Ejazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref011","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fact sheet of leishmaniasis"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref012","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005\u20132015) (No. SEA-VBC-85)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref013","author":"WHO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regional Strategic Framework for accelerating and sustaining elimination of kala-azar in the South-East Asia Region 2022\u20132026"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30538-8","article-title":"Evidence for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in Nepal.","volume":"8","author":"MR Banjara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011714.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005889","article-title":"Towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent\u2014Translating research to practice to public health.","volume":"11","author":"S Hirve","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref016","first-page":"488","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: Pipe-dreams and possibilities.","volume":"4","author":"AB Joshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref017","first-page":"583","article-title":"Evaluation of direct agglutination test (DAT) as an immunodiagnostic tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.","volume":"30","author":"AB Joshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1258\/0049475054036887","article-title":"Adenosine deaminase activity in sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.","volume":"35","author":"N Baral","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.153","article-title":"Use of the recombinant K39 dipstick test and the direct agglutination test in a setting endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal","volume":"63","author":"C Bern","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01026.x","article-title":"Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal.","volume":"8","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.72","article-title":"A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01533.x","article-title":"Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal","volume":"11","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref023","first-page":"619","article-title":"Use of rK39 for diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"38","author":"ML Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nepal. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2680-1","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade","volume":"110","author":"G Srividya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011714.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1766","article-title":"Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests: visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.003","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent","volume":"102","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011714.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02154.x","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a new Leishmania PCR for clinical visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease","volume":"13","author":"S Deborggraeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011714.ref028","first-page":"CD009135","article-title":"Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease.","volume":"2014","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239469","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/239469","article-title":"Developments in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in the elimination era","volume":"2015","author":"OP Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4083-3","article-title":"Molecular evidence supports the expansion of visceral leishmaniasis towards non-program districts of Nepal.","volume":"19","author":"M Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30536-4","article-title":"Impact of the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative on Leishmania donovani transmission in Nepal: a 10-year repeat survey","volume":"8","author":"K Cloots","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref032","first-page":"154","article-title":"A thirty day course of Sodium Stibogluconate for treatment of kala-azar in Nepal.","volume":"29","author":"P Karki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90167-2","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in south-eastern Nepal: decreasing efficacy of sodium stibogluconate and need for a policy to limit further decline","volume":"97","author":"S Rijal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic","volume":"31","author":"S Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1086\/519690","article-title":"Phase 4 trial of miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"196","author":"SK Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref036","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis clinical management in endemic districts of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.","author":"MR Banjara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref037","first-page":"686","article-title":"Orally effective drugs for kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis): focus on miltefosine and sitamaquine.","volume":"51","author":"H Sangraula","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011714.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit102","article-title":"Increasing failure of miltefosine in the treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal and the potential role of parasite drug resistance, reinfection, or noncompliance","volume":"56","author":"S Rijal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12025","article-title":"Adherence to miltefosine treatment for visceral leishmaniasis under routine conditions in Nepal.","volume":"18","author":"S Uranw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref040","first-page":"3634568","article-title":"Miltefosine rescue treatment for visceral leishmaniasis relapse patient.","volume":"2019","author":"A Bastola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90271-0","article-title":"Comparison of three treatment regimens with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in India: a randomized dose-finding study.","volume":"90","author":"CP Thakur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90130-5","article-title":"A prospective randomized, comparative, open-label trial of the safety and efficacy of paromomycin (aminosidine) plus sodium stibogluconate versus sodium stibogluconate alone for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"94","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011714.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903627","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"362","author":"S Sundar","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.10.008","article-title":"Ambisome plus miltefosine for Indian patients with kala-azar","volume":"105","author":"S Sundar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011714.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1086\/377542","article-title":"Single-dose liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India: a multicenter study","volume":"37","author":"S Sundar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.08.002","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for therapeutic failure in kala-azar patients treated with pentavalent antimonials in Nepal","volume":"104","author":"S Rijal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu039","article-title":"Failure of miltefosine in visceral leishmaniasis is associated with low drug exposure","volume":"210","author":"TP Dorlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1086\/380971","article-title":"Amphotericin B treatment for Indian visceral leishmaniasis: conventional versus lipid formulations","volume":"38","author":"S Sundar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0156","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis under routine program conditions in Bihar, India","volume":"83","author":"PK Sinha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7139","key":"pntd.0011714.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1200","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of Aminosidine (Paromomycin) vs Sodium Stibogluconate for treating visceral leishmaniasis in North Bihar, India Commentary: Some good news for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar.","volume":"316","author":"TK Jha","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"25","key":"pntd.0011714.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066536","article-title":"Injectable paromomycin for Visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"356","author":"S Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645203","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/645203","article-title":"Phase 4 pharmacovigilance trial of paromomycin injection for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India.","volume":"2011","author":"PK Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90503-0","article-title":"Aminosidine plus sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of Indian kala-azar: a randomized dose-finding clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"CP Thakur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref054","first-page":"105","article-title":"Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia?","volume":"45","author":"A Joshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-54","article-title":"Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.","volume":"7","author":"AB Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.012","article-title":"Comparative study of kala-azar vector control measures in eastern Nepal","volume":"113","author":"ML Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0307","article-title":"Integrating case detection of visceral leishmaniasis and other febrile illness with vector control in the post-elimination phase in Nepal","volume":"100","author":"MR Banjara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011714.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004932","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004932","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and cost of insecticide treated wall lining, insecticide treated bed nets and indoor wall wash with lime for visceral leishmaniasis vector control in the Indian sub-continent: a multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial.","volume":"10","author":"D Mondal","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2913-6","article-title":"Susceptibility of field-collected Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies from Bangladesh and Nepal to different insecticides.","volume":"11","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011714.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000859","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal.","volume":"4","author":"DS Dinesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12899838683124","article-title":"The Indian and Nepalese programmes of indoor residual spraying for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis: performance and effectiveness","volume":"105","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70320-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: elimination with existing interventions","volume":"11","author":"G Matlashewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref063","first-page":"239","article-title":"User friendliness, efficiency & spray quality of stirrup pumps versus hand compression pumps for indoor residual spraying","volume":"138","author":"V Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000800018","article-title":"Effect of untreated bed nets on blood-fed Phlebotomus argentipes in kala-azar endemic foci in Nepal and India","volume":"104","author":"A Picado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c6760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6760","article-title":"Longlasting insecticidal nets for prevention of Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal: paired cluster randomised trial","volume":"341","author":"A Picado","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011714.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.01.007","article-title":"Deltamethrin and permethrin residue on long-lasting insecticidal nets after 18 months of use in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Nepal","volume":"106","author":"M Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref067","first-page":"1","article-title":"An assessment of the effectiveness of insecticide spray in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.","volume":"1","author":"AB Joshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011714.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv031","article-title":"Feasibility of a combined camp approach for vector control together with active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, leprosy and malaria in Bangladesh, India and Nepal: an exploratory study","volume":"109","author":"MR Banjara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref069","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entomological efficacy of durable wall lining with reduced wall surface coverage for strengthening visceral leishmaniasis vector control in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.","volume":"16","author":"MM Huda","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008132","article-title":"Housing structure including the surrounding environment as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Nepal.","volume":"14","author":"LG Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000355","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal: reshaping the case finding\/case management strategy.","volume":"3","author":"D Mondal","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011714.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0685","article-title":"Effectiveness and feasibility of active and passive case detection in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal","volume":"83","author":"S Hirve","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000960","article-title":"Options for active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic districts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, comparing yield, feasibility and costs.","volume":"5","author":"SP Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref074","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active case detection in national visceral leishmaniasis elimination programs in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal: feasibility, performance and costs.","volume":"12","author":"MM Huda","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011714.ref075","first-page":"485","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala-azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal","volume":"76","author":"S Koirala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011714.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13189","article-title":"Barriers of visceral leishmaniasis reporting and surveillance in Nepal: comparison of governmental VL-program districts with non-program districts","volume":"24","author":"D Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0767-5","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis and reporting delays as an obstacle to timely response actions in Nepal and India.","volume":"15","author":"JP Boettcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2020.09","article-title":"Role of female community health volunteers for visceral leishmaniasis detection and vector surveillance in Nepal.","volume":"10","author":"M Omer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref079","volume-title":"Kala-azar elimination programme: report of a WHO consultation of partners","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"pntd.0011714.ref080","author":"WHO","year":"2010","journal-title":"Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011714.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301608","article-title":"Six components necessary for effective public health program implementation.","volume":"104","author":"TR Frieden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011714","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1730489923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011714"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mitali","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011714","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]}}}