{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:18:54Z","timestamp":1768472334805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Control of Ministry of Health's","award":["1744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1744"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012155","name":"National Institute for Medical Research Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["977034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["977034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The causative agent of plague, <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, is maintained in nature via a flea-rodent cycle. Western Iran is an old focus for plague, and recent data indicate that rodents and dogs in this region have serological evidence of <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> infection. The purpose of this study was to conduct a large-scale investigation of <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> infection in shepherd dogs, rodents, and their fleas in old foci for plague in Western Iran.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was conducted in Hamadan province from 2014 to 2020. Rodents and fleas were collected from various locations throughout this region. <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> was investigated in rodent spleen samples and fleas using culture, serology, and real-time PCR methods. Additionally, sera samples were collected from carnivores and hares in this region, and the IgG antibody against the <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> F1 antigen was assessed using an ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, 927 rodents were captured, with <jats:italic>Meriones<\/jats:italic> spp. (91.8%) and <jats:italic>Microtus qazvinensis<\/jats:italic> (2.6%) being the most prevalent. A total of 6051 fleas were collected from rodents and carnivores, most of which were isolated from <jats:italic>Meriones persicus<\/jats:italic>. None of the rodents or fleas examined tested positive for <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> using real-time PCR and culture methods. Meanwhile, IgG antibodies were detected in 0.32% of rodents. All serologically positive rodents belonged to <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>persicus<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, none of the sera from the 138 carnivores (129 sheepdogs, five <jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>, four <jats:italic>Canis aureus<\/jats:italic>), and nine hares tested positive in the ELISA test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This primary survey of rodent reservoirs shows serological evidence of <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pestis<\/jats:italic> infection. Western Iran is an endemic plague focus, and as such, it requires ongoing surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T18:21:55Z","timestamp":1699640515000},"page":"e0011722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The surveillance of plague among rodents and dogs in Western Iran"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-8840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Parisa","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Yousefi Ghalejoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Mordadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aria","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Latifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"Rajerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pizarro-Cerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-517X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011722.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0191","article-title":"Plague gives surprises in the first decade of the 21st century in the United States and worldwide","volume":"89","author":"T. 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