{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:35:36Z","timestamp":1792802136538,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011733","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTR 30-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTR 30-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["P01 AI 168148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AI 168148"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Calmette & Yersin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Calmette & Yersin"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9","award":["scholar salary award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["scholar salary award"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00w3qhf76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leptospirosis is a complex zoonotic disease mostly caused by a group of eight pathogenic species (\n                      <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , L.\n                      <jats:italic>kirschneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. mayottensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. noguchii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. weilii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. alexanderi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), with a wide spectrum of animal reservoirs and patient outcomes.\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                      is considered as the leading causative agent of leptospirosis worldwide and it is the most studied species. However, the genomic features and phylogeography of other\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathogenic species remain to be determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here we investigated the genome diversity of the main pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      species based on a collection of 914 genomes from strains isolated around the world. Genome analyses revealed species-specific genome size and GC content, and an open pangenome in the pathogenic species, except for\n                      <jats:italic>L. mayottensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Taking advantage of a new set of genomes of\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains isolated from patients in Costa Rica, we took a closer look at this species.\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains are largely distributed in America, including the Caribbean islands, with over 96% of the available genomes originating from this continent. Phylogenetic analysis showed high genetic diversity within\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and the clonal groups identified by cgMLST were strongly associated with geographical areas. Serotype identification based on serogrouping and\/or analysis of the\n                      <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                      -antigen biosynthesis gene loci further confirmed the great diversity of strains within the species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion, we report a comprehensive genome analysis of pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      species with a focus on\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our study sheds new light onto the genomic diversity, evolutionary history, and epidemiology of leptospirosis in America and globally. Our findings also expand our knowledge of the genes driving\n                      <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                      -antigen diversity. In addition, our work provides a framework for understanding the virulence and spread of\n                      <jats:italic>L. santarosai<\/jats:italic>\n                      and for improving its surveillance in both humans and animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T14:12:55Z","timestamp":1698934375000},"page":"e0011733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Phylogenomics of Leptospira santarosai, a prevalent pathogenic species in the 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