{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:27:57Z","timestamp":1772749677018,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000}}],"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, with a great impact on public health and more than 200,000 deaths annually. <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> causes urinary tract (UT) morbidity. Since schistosomiasis morbidity control programs focus on children older than 5 years, pre-school age children (PSAC) morbidity is not well known.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study in Cubal (Angola) among 245 PSAC with the objective of evaluating the prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection, the intensity of infection, and associated morbidity. For this purpose, urine filtration test followed by microscopic visualization and ultrasound examinations were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The estimated overall prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 30.2% (CI 95%; 24.5\u201335.9), with 20.3% (CI 95%; 15.3\u201325.3) of the samples analysed showing a high intensity of infection. A total of 54.5% (CI 95%; 47.6\u201361.8) of infected children presented UT lesions, showing a significant association between schistosomiasis infection and UT morbidity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value &lt; 0.001). Bladder wall thickening was the most common lesion, being present in 100% of abnormal ultrasounds. We found that anaemia and severe malnutrition were not significantly associated with the development of UT lesions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in PSAC causes great UT detectable morbidities. Therefore, there is an evident need of including them in mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns and consequently the development of an adapted praziquantel treatment dosage for children under 2 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T18:49:16Z","timestamp":1699469356000},"page":"e0011751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and morbidity of urogenital schistosomiasis among pre-school age children in Cubal, Angola"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Marqu\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-1354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernando","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlette","family":"Nindia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeferino","family":"Pintar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Campreci\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Aixut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mossalilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sulleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Espiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma. Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9936","key":"pntd.0011751.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60018-3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis-associated kidney disease: a review.","volume":"3","author":"GB da Silva Junior","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.198879","article-title":"Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis during human pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"JF Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011751.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006852","article-title":"Safety, efficacy and acceptability of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosoma haematobium in pre-school children of Kwale County, Kenya.","volume":"12","author":"BW Kimani","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011751.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008277","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of single-dose 40 mg\/kg oral praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-age versus school-age children: An individual participant data meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"PL Olliaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref007","article-title":"Baseline survey for helminth control in school-aged children in Angola.","author":"WFP MINSA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Luanda: Ministerio de Saude"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011751.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010458","article-title":"Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases across 15 provinces of Angola.","volume":"16","author":"EP Mendes","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011751.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004055","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis and usefulness of indirect diagnostic tests in school-age children in Cubal, Central Angola.","volume":"9","author":"C Bocanegra","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011751.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13020","article-title":"Ultrasound findings and associated factors to morbidity in schistosoma haematobium infection in a highly endemic setting","volume":"23","author":"C Bocanegra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref011","author":"Governo de Angola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resultados recenseamento geral da popula\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref012","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/924154693X 2006. Accessed 27 Aug 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-NMH-NHD-MNM-11.1 2011. Accessed 27 Aug 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Organization guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240041608 2022. Accessed 27 Aug 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ultrasound in schistosomiasis: a practical guide to the standardized use of ultrasonography for the assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/TDR-STR-SCH-00.1 2000. Accessed 27 Aug 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.00988.x","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in preschool children in settlements around Oyan Reservoir in Ogun State, Nigeria: implications for control","volume":"8","author":"CF Mafiana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011751.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01282.x","article-title":"Infant schistosomiasis in Ghana: a survey in an irrigation community","volume":"9","author":"KM Bosompem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-21","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool-aged children in Sahelian rural communities in Mali.","volume":"4","author":"A Dabo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80317-x","article-title":"Prevalence, infection intensity and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in villages surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania.","volume":"11","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of a meeting to review the results of studies on the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-age children. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241501880 2011. Accessed 27 Aug 2022."},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref021","author":"Anon","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Pediatric Praziquantel Corsortium"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3803-z","article-title":"Schistosomiasis infection in pre-school aged children in Uganda: a qualitative descriptive study to identify routes of exposure.","volume":"19","author":"SPS Kibira","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0011751.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12799","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312799","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia in women of reproductive age and children under 5 years of age in South Africa (1997\u20132021): a systematic review.","volume":"18","author":"E Turawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0011751.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020004620","article-title":"Spatio-temporal trends in anaemia among pregnant women, adolescents and preschool children in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"24","author":"K Weze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011751.ref025","first-page":"646","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among children below five years of age in Cape Verde, West Africa.","volume":"32","author":"RM Semedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011751.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.08.007","article-title":"Anaemia in advanced chronic fasciolosis","volume":"108","author":"MA Valero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0011751.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx036","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-iron review.","volume":"1481","author":"S Lynch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011751.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i2.10","article-title":"Nutritional status of under five children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"A Abdulahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0011751.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4389-z","article-title":"The WHO ultrasonography protocol for assessing morbidity due to schistosoma haematobium. Acceptance and evolution over 14 years. Systematic review","volume":"114","author":"R Akpata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011751.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003504","article-title":"It\u2019s time to dispel the myth of \u201casymptomatic\u201d schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011751.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003649","article-title":"Identifying and evaluating field indicators of urogenital schistosomiasis-related morbidity in preschool-aged children.","volume":"9","author":"WM Wami","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011751.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005400","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary tract morbidity in school-aged and preschool-aged children infected with schistosoma haematobium and its evolution after praziquantel treatment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"B Barda","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0011751.ref033","first-page":"777","article-title":"Measurement of schistosomiasis-related morbidity at community level in areas of different endemicity","volume":"68","author":"C Hatz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T18:45:32Z","timestamp":1700505932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Uwem Friday","family":"Ekpo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011751","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}}}