{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:00:54Z","timestamp":1791460854108,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SINGAPORE","award":["Start-up grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start-up grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Transmission intensity for mosquito-borne diseases are highly heterogenous and multi-factorial. Understanding risk factors associated to disease transmission allow the optimization of vector control. This study sets out to understand and compare the combined anthropogenic and environmental risk factors of four major mosquito-borne diseases, dengue, malaria, chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis in Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An integrated analysis of mosquito-borne diseases, meteorological and ambient air pollutants of 76 provinces of Thailand was conducted over 2003\u20132021. We explored the use of generalized linear models and generalized additive models to consider both linear and non-linear associations between meteorological factors, ambient air pollutants and mosquito-borne disease incidence. Different assumptions on spatio-temporal dependence and nonlinearity were considered through province-specific and panel models, as well as different spline functions. Disease-specific model evidence was assessed to select best-fit models for epidemiological inference downstream.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Analyses indicated several findings which can be generally applied to all diseases explored: <jats:bold>(1)<\/jats:bold> higher AH above mean values was positively associated with disease case counts <jats:bold>(2)<\/jats:bold> higher total precipitation above mean values was positively associated with disease case counts <jats:bold>(3)<\/jats:bold> extremely high temperatures were negatively associated with disease case counts <jats:bold>(4)<\/jats:bold> higher SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> surface concentrations were negatively associated with disease case counts. However, the relationships between disease and RH, non-extreme temperatures and CO surface concentration were more mixed, with directions of associations changing across the different diseases considered.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study found protective and enhancing effects of meteorological and ambient air pollutant factors on mosquito-borne diseases burdens in Thailand. Further studies should employ these factors to understand and predict risk factors associated with mosquito-borne disease transmission.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T18:38:24Z","timestamp":1703702304000},"page":"e0011763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Non-linear associations between meteorological factors, ambient air pollutants and major mosquito-borne diseases in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2608-7207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pranav","family":"Tewari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Janhavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Li Wen","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel Ruihan","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-1745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Borame Lee","family":"Dickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-0331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jue Tao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0011763.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30161-6","article-title":"The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease","volume":"19","author":"LHV Franklinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011763.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00132-7","article-title":"Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study","volume":"5","author":"FJ Col\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011763.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"89","author":"G Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0011763.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1941-3","article-title":"Diversity in breeding sites and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes in selected urban areas of southern Ghana","volume":"10","author":"PAD Mattah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011763.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0025","article-title":"Artemisinin-resistant malaria: research challenges, opportunities, and public health implications","volume":"87","author":"RM Fairhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10169","key":"pntd.0011763.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32560-1","article-title":"Dengue","volume":"393","author":"A Wilder-Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011763.ref007","unstructured":"Japanese encephalitis [Internet]. 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