{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:35:54Z","timestamp":1790800554070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CLA (conjugated linoleic acid)-mediated activation of the schistosome tegument-associated sphingomyelinase and consequent disruption of the outer membrane might allow host antibodies to access the apical membrane antigens. Here, we investigated a novel approach to enhance specific antibody delivery to concealed surface membrane antigens of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      utilising antibody-conjugated-CLA nanomicelle technology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We invented and characterised an amphiphilic CLA-loaded whey protein co-polymer (CLA-W) as an IV injectable protein nanocarrier. Rabbit anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection (anti-SmI) and anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      alkaline phosphatase specific IgG antibodies were purified from rabbit sera and conjugated to the surface of CLA-W co-polymer to form antibody-conjugated-CLA-W nanomicelles (Ab-CLA-W). We investigated the schistosomicidal effects of CLA-W and Ab-CLA-W in a mouse model of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      against early and late stages of infection. Results showed that conjugation of nanomicelles with antibodies, namely anti-SmI, significantly enhanced the micelles\u2019 schistosomicidal and anti-pathology activities at both the schistosomula and adult worm stages of the infection resulting in 64.6%-89.9% reductions in worm number; 72.5\u201394% and 66.4\u201385.2% reductions in hepatic eggs and granulomas, respectively. Treatment induced overall improvement in liver histopathology, reducing granuloma size and fibrosis and significantly affecting egg viability. Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed CLA-W-mediated antigen exposure on the worm surface. Electron microscopy revealed extensive ultrastructural damage in worm tegument induced by anti-SmI-CLA-W.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The novel antibody-targeted nano-sized CLA delivery system offers great promise for treatment of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and control of its transmission. Our\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      observations confirm an immune-mediated enhanced effect of the schistosomicidal action of CLA and hints at the prospect of nanotechnology-based immunotherapy, not only for schistosomiasis, but also for other parasitic infections in which chemotherapy has been shown to be immune-dependent. The results propose that the immunodominant reactivity of the anti-SmI serum,\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      fructose biphosphate aldolase, SmFBPA, merits serious attention as a therapeutic and vaccine candidate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T13:26:44Z","timestamp":1701437204000},"page":"e0011776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Can antibody conjugated nanomicelles alter the prospect of antibody targeted therapy against schistosomiasis mansoni?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eglal I.","family":"Amer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia R.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-6699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aceel Y.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmail M.","family":"El-Fakharany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona M.","family":"Agwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherine N.","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Sheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa H.","family":"El-Faham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011776.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011776.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002474","article-title":"Elimination of schistosomiasis transmission in Zanzibar: baseline findings before the onset of a randomized intervention trial","volume":"7","author":"S Knopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0011776.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009000493","article-title":"Praziquantel: its use in control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa and current research needs","volume":"136","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0011776.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0508-94","article-title":"Fighting killer worms","volume":"298","author":"P. 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