{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T07:33:27Z","timestamp":1780731207323,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011802","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P027873\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P027873\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Significant progress has been made towards African sleeping sickness elimination in the last decade. Indeed, the World Health Organization (WHO) global goal of eliminating the chronic form of the disease as a public health problem was achieved in 2020 (i.e., &lt; 2,000 new cases per year). Vector control has played an important role in achieving this goal. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the insecticide impregnated Tiny Targets on tsetse fly densities and their infection rates with <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> spp in the Campo sleeping sickness focus of South Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study site was divided into two areas: (i) the south-west experimental area, which included vector control, and (ii) the eastern part as the non-intervention area. After compiling the baseline entomological data (tsetse densities and trypanosome infection rates), around 2000 Tiny Targets were deployed in the South-West area and replaced every six months for two years. Post-intervention surveys were conducted every six months to determine tsetse densities and levels of trypanosome infections with PCR-based methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Following the intervention, tsetse mean catches decreased by 61% after six months, and up to 73% after twelve months (pre-intervention: 2.48 flies\/trap\/day, 95%CI [1.92\u20133.14]; 12-months post-intervention: 0.66 tsetse\/trap\/day, 95%CI [0.42\u20130.94]). This decrease was not sustained after 18 months, and the mean catch doubled compared to that after 12 months. After 24 months, the mean catches still increased by 17% (18 months: 1.45 tsetse\/trap\/day, 95%CI [1.07\u20131.90] and 24 months: 1.71 tsetse\/trap\/day, 95%CI [1.27\u20132.24]). In the non-intervention area, a variation in tsetse catches was observed during the two years, with a general increase from 2.43 [0.73\u20135.77] to 3.64 [1.47\u20137.70] tsetse\/trap\/day. In addition, trypanosome infection rates dropped by 75% in both areas (P-value &lt; 0.001) from 21.20% to 5.06% and from 13.14% to 3.45% in intervention and control areas respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tiny targets have proven useful in reducing tsetse population densities and trypanosome infection rates, providing evidence for the integration of this tool in current strategies towards trypanosomiasis elimination in Campo. The non-sustained decrease of tsetse densities after one year may indicate reinvasions from neighbouring breeding sites or that the intervention area was not large enough. Our results show the need to scale up by accessing difficult breeding sites and extend the tiny targets to the whole transborder focus.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T19:25:55Z","timestamp":1701113155000},"page":"e0011802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of a small-scale tsetse fly control operation with deltamethrin impregnated \u201cTiny Targets\u201d on tsetse density and trypanosomes\u2019 circulation in the Campo sleeping sickness focus of South Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-758X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tito Tresor","family":"Melachio Tanekou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calmes Ursain","family":"Bouaka Tsakeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inaki","family":"Tirados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alphonse","family":"Acho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude","family":"Bigoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Sinclair","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0011802.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003244","article-title":"First WHO Meeting of Stakeholders on Elimination of Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis.","volume":"8","author":"P. Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"9709","key":"pntd.0011802.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60829-1","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"375","author":"R Brun","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0011802.ref003","volume-title":"Impacts of trypanosomiasis on African Agriculture.","author":"BM Swallow","year":"2000"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011802.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005","article-title":"Developing a Progressive Control Pathway for African Animal Trypanosomosis","volume":"33","author":"O Diall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011802.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.012","article-title":"Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to Increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species","volume":"32","author":"LJ Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0011802.ref006","year":"1998","journal-title":"WHO. Control and surveillance of African trypanosomiasis"},{"key":"pntd.0011802.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update = Trypanosomiase humaine africaine (maladie du sommeil): mise \u00e0 jour \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique [Internet]. Vol. 81, Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire. 2006. p. 71\u201380. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/233027."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0011802.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005792","article-title":"Adding tsetse control to medical activities contributes to decreasing transmission of sleeping sickness in the Mandoul focus (Chad).","volume":"11","author":"MH Mahamat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0011802.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008738","article-title":"Trypa-no! contributes to the elimination of gambiense human african trypanosomiasis by combining tsetse control with \u201cscreen, diagnose and treat\u201d using innovative tools and strategies.","volume":"14","author":"JM Ndung\u2019u","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011802.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001257","article-title":"Improving the cost-effectiveness of visual devices for the control of riverine tsetse flies, the major vectors of human African trypanosomiasis.","volume":"5","author":"J Esterhuizen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0011802.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003822","article-title":"Tsetse control and Gambian sleeping sickness; 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