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Despite the recent development of promising vaccines against the dengue virus, controlling these arbovirus diseases still depends on mosquito surveillance and control. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that these measures are not sufficiently effective or ineffective. Identifying higher-risk areas in a municipality and directing control efforts towards them could improve it. One tool for this is the premise condition index (PCI); however, its measure requires visiting all buildings. We propose a novel approach capable of predicting the PCI based on facade street-level images, which we call PCINet.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study was conducted in Campinas, a one million-inhabitant city in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. We surveyed 200 blocks, visited their buildings, and measured the three traditional PCI components (building and backyard conditions and shading), the facade conditions (taking pictures of them), and other characteristics. We trained a deep neural network with the pictures taken, creating a computational model that can predict buildings\u2019 conditions based on the view of their facades. We evaluated PCINet in a scenario emulating a real large-scale situation, where the model could be deployed to automatically monitor four regions of Campinas to identify risk areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>PCINet produced reasonable results in differentiating the facade condition into three levels, and it is a scalable strategy to triage large areas. The entire process can be automated through data collection from facade data sources and inferences through PCINet. The facade conditions correlated highly with the building and backyard conditions and reasonably well with shading and backyard conditions. The use of street-level images and PCINet could help to optimize <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> surveillance and control, reducing the number of in-person visits necessary to identify buildings, blocks, and neighborhoods at higher risk from mosquito and arbovirus diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1717436443000},"page":"e0011811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Automatic mapping of high-risk urban areas for Aedes aegypti infestation based on building facade image analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerson","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bermudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiller","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valmir","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Quintanilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefersson A.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-8740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco","family":"Chiaravalloti-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011811.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.07.004","article-title":"Come fly with me: review of clinically important arboviruses for global travelers","volume":"55","author":"N Cleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0011811.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.009","article-title":"Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review","volume":"67","author":"JA Souza-Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection, genetics and evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0011811.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv017","article-title":"Evaluation of simultaneous transmission of chikungunya virus and dengue virus type 2 in infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"52","author":"J Nuckols","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0011811.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000381","article-title":"Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas","volume":"97","author":"D Gatherer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0011811.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101659","article-title":"COVID-19 and dengue fever: A dangerous combination for the health system in Brazil","volume":"35","author":"C Lorenz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"pntd.0011811.ref006","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Brasil\u2014Bras\u00edlia. 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