{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:41Z","timestamp":1792259381910,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011829","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009752","name":"Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009751","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSSP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSSP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a zoonotic parasite that can cause severe morbidity and mortality in warm-blooded animals, including marine mammals such as sea otters. Free-ranging cats can shed environmentally resistant <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> oocysts in their feces, which are transported through rain-driven runoff from land to sea. Despite their large population sizes and ability to contribute to environmental oocyst contamination, there are limited studies on <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> oocyst shedding by free-ranging cats. We aimed to determine the frequency and genotypes of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> oocysts shed by free-ranging domestic cats in central coastal California and evaluate whether genotypes present in feces are similar to those identified in sea otters that died from fatal toxoplasmosis. We utilized a longitudinal field study of four free-ranging cat colonies to assess oocyst shedding prevalence using microscopy and molecular testing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA was confirmed with primers targeting the ITS1 locus and positive samples were genotyped at the B1 locus. While oocysts were not visualized using microscopy (0\/404), we detected <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA in 25.9% (94\/362) of fecal samples. We genotyped 27 samples at the B1 locus and characterized 13 of these samples at one to three additional loci using multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Parasite DNA detection was significantly higher during the wet season (16.3%, 59\/362) compared to the dry season (9.7%; 35\/362), suggesting seasonal variation in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA presence in feces. High diversity of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> strains was characterized at the B1 locus, including non-archetypal strains previously associated with sea otter mortalities. Free-ranging cats may thus play an important role in the transmission of virulent <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> genotypes that cause morbidity and mortality in marine wildlife. Management of free-ranging cat colonies could reduce environmental contamination with oocysts and subsequent <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in endangered marine mammals and people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T18:44:29Z","timestamp":1702665869000},"page":"e0011829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High prevalence and diversity of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in feral cat feces from coastal California"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-4058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"VanWormer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0011829.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"J. 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